IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Sciences 
Corporatioii 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tftchnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Thee 
to  th( 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avai!abla  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  the  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


Q 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I      I    Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 

Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastauria  at/ou  palliculAa 

Covar  title  missing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

Coiourad  maps/ 

Cartas  g^ographiquas  an  coulaur 


□    Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avac  d'autres  documents 


rj]    Tight  binding  muy  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


D 


D 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distoreion  la  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certainas  pages  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  ceia  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6ti  film^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmantaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Las  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  fiimage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pagea  da  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^as  et/ou  pellicuides 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxec 
Pages  dicolordes.  tachetdes  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  pr;r 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  matarit 
Comprand  du  material  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


FTI  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

ryj  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~~l  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  prfnt  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  it6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Thai 
possi 
of  th( 
filmir 


Origli 
begin 
the  la 
sion, 
other 
first  I 
sion, 
or  illu 


Tholi 
shall 
TINU 
whict 

IMaps 

differ 

entire 

begin 

right 

requii 

meth( 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  Ulmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


J 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hee  been  reproduced  thenke 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Brocic  University 
St.  Catharines 


L'exempleire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnirositA  de: 

Brock  University 
St.  Catharines 


The  imeges  appeering  here  ere  the  beet  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  originel  copy  end  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copier  in  printed  paper  covers  ere  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  end  ending  on 
the  lest  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impree- 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  originel  copies  are  filmed  lieginning  un  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  iliustrsted  impree- 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  laet  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impreeeion. 


The  last  recorded  freme  on  eech  microfiche 
shell  contain  the  symbol  — »>(meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet«  de  i'exemplaire  fiimA.  at  en 
conformity  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimege. 

Lef  exemplairee  origineux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eet  imprimte  sent  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminent  soit  par  ia 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  Ie  cas.  Tous  ies  autres  exemplaires 
origineux  sont  filmto  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  tarminam  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  teiie 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symbolee  suivents  apperaltra  sur  la 
derniAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "PIN". 


I^Aaps.  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrste  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableeux.  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  fttre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  ii  est  fiimi  d  partir 
de  I'angie  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bee.  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  nteessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^ 


NIJ 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


40  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


IL 


THE 


COMPLETE 


ILLUSTRATED  GUIDE 


TO 


NIAGARA   FALLS 


AND 


164382 


VICINITY. 


n 


NIAGARA. 


DESCRiri'IVE. 

For  the  reason  that  the  task  of  describing  any  scene  in  natnre 
is  difficult  in  proportion  to  its  rarity,  and  tliat  we  derive  our  con- 
ception of  the  same  from  the  comparison  it  will  bear  with  other 
works  of  nature,  and  for  the  further  reason  that  Niagara  Falls  is 
unique  and  totally  unlike  any  other  scene  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
it  is  a  most  onerous  task  to  produce  such  a  pen-picture  of  the  Falls 
as  can  convey  to  the  minds  of  readers  who  have  never  seen  them 
an  accurate  idea  of  their  grandeur.    Many  minds  have  essayed  to 
reproduce  Niagara  literally,  many  i)en8  have  recorded  the  impres- 
sion of  visitors  respecting  it,  without  even  faintly  describing  it ; 
for  there  is  no  known  rhythm  whose  cadence  will  attune  itself  to 
the  tremendous  hymn  of  this  "  sound  as  of  many  waters,"  neither 
will  blank  verse  serve  to  rehearse  its  attributes  in  song.    The  best 
specimen  of  the  latter  was  written  by  a  gifted  poet  who  visited 
this  locality  especially  to  set  forth  its  beauties  in  verse,  but  who 
recorded  only  the  following  words: 

"  I  camo  to  see  I 
/  I  thought  to  u!n<e/ 

I  am  but  dumb  I " 

There  is  but  one  way  to  record  poetically  the  fascinations  o 
Niagara ;  that  is,  to  tell  its  glories  in  that  plain  language  which  is 
the  Creator's  greatest  gift  to  man,  and  to  describe  it  as  a  part  of 
that  stupendous  and  eternal  poem  whose  strophes  and  lines  are 
the  rivers,  mountains,  glens,  caves  and  rainbows  of  the  universe ; 
for  of  nature  in  its  grandest  and  most  varied  forms  Niagara  is  a 
condensation  and  an  exemplification. 

Above  the  Falls,  Niagara  has,  in  her  rapids,  examples  of  many 
of  the  most  remarkable  combinations  of  Nature's  work ;  and  those 
who  visit  here  can  experience  all  the  pleasure  of  the  mariner  in 
standing  on  the  Goat  Island  Bridge,  knowing  that  an  almost  irre- 
sistible billowy  force  is  fighting  against  that  structure,  situated  at 
the  very  edge  of  the  gulf  into  which  the  river  pours,  and  that  they 
are  still  as  safe  as  they  could  be  on  terra  firma.  It  is  a  feeling  that 
could  not  be  reproduced  in  any  other  situation.    One  seems,  when 


n 


stationed  at  this  point  and  lootcin^  beneath  him,  to  be  on  the  verge 
of  eternity;  should  the  bridge  ^ivc  away,  he  would,  in  a  few  mo- 
ments, be  carried  over  the  cliff,  and  lost !  Yet  the  stability  of  the 
bridge  removes  all  stmse  of  danger,  and  compels  confldence  even 
in  the  presence  of  the  dread  power  of  the  current. 

If  it  is  possible  to  imagine  that  the  entire  country  of  England 
and  Scotland  could  be  turned  into  one  grand  receptacle  for  Ave 
Iidand  Seas,  such  as  the  lakes  which  here  unite  in  giving  their 
waters  to  form  the  Niagara  above  the  Falls ;  and  if,  further,  it  can 
be  conceived  that  the  peaks  of  the  Alps  and  the  Apjtenines  were 
located  at  the  Hebrides,  so  as  to  contribute  their  melting  snows  to 
this  conflux  of  waters,  and  if  it  be  assumed  that  the  Dover  Straits 
could  be  made  such  a  river,  to  traverse  the  extreme  heights  above 
the  Downs,  and  to  iK)ur  its  waters  in  two  grand  cascades  over  the 
cliffs  of  Beachy  Head,  an  idea  of  the  Falls  proper  would  be 
presented  to  European  readers. 

Iceland  has  splendid  geysers,  sending  up  heavy  clouds  of  vapors 
from  its  boiling  springs  surrounded  by  ice.  The  Matterhorn  has 
its  magnificent  "Arc-en-del,"  whicrh  vies  with  the  finest  rainbows 
in  splendor ;  and,  from  the  summits  of  the  Alps,  one  can  look  down 
upon  the  tops  of  trees  which,  from  below,  are  of  dizzy  altitude. 
Here  all  these  and  other  yet  more  remarkable  effects  are  brought 
together  at  one  point.  England  on  the  South  coast  and  France  on 
her  North  coast  are  both  proud  of  their  splendid  beetling  cliffs, 
between  which  rolls  the  majestic  current  of  the  English  channel. 

On  the  Niagara,  similar  but  more  imposing  cliffs  are  brought  to- 
gether in  near  proximity  and  form  the  boundaries  of  a  river  which, 
receiving  its  waters  from  the  Cataract,  concentrate  their  mighty 
force  into  a  turbulent  flood,  upon  which  one  cannot  look  without 
allowing  the  mind  to  compare  it  with  the  Styx  of  the  Ancients. 
And  yet  this  avalanche  of  power  meets  with  an  effectual  stop  in  its 
career  at  the  "whirlpool,"  where  its  course  is  violently  turned 
aside  at  an  angle  of  ninety  degrees,  thus  forming  a  veritable 
Maelstrom,  cuch  as  cannot  be  found  in  any  other  portion  of  the 
globe  for  strength  of  current  and  obstinacy  of  opposing  forces. 
Thus  it  would  appear  that  nature  had  exhausted  her  resources  in 
placing  at  this  point,  between  two  countries,  a  dividing  line  which 
deserved  to  be  regarded  as  impassable.  Further,  that  she  reversed 
the  usual  order  of  her  works  to  command  the  reverence  and  awe  of 
humanity.  Taking  her  fair  coronet  of  rainbows  from  che  skies, 
she  set  it  in  the  midst  of  a  river-fall ;  planting  her  high  trees  at  the 
base  of  the  cliffs,  she  caused  their  summits  to  be  viewed  from  above ; 

4 


e  on  the  verge 

in  a  few  mo- 

iibility  of  the 

itldcncc  oven 

y  of  England 
I)tade  for  Ave 
1  giving  their 
further,  it  can 
•penines  were 
Iting  snows  to 
Dover  Straits 
heights  above 
;ade8  over  the 
per  would  be 

>uds  of  vapors 
atterhorn  has 
nest  rainbows 
mn  look  down 
lizzy  altitude. 
s  are  brought 
md  France  on 
beetling  cliffs, 
glish  channel, 
re  brought  to- 
a  river  which, 
their  mighty 
t  look  without 
the  Ancients, 
tual  stop  in  its 
•lently  turned 
ig  a  veritable 
portion  of  the 
posing  forces, 
jr  resources  in 
ng  line  which 
tt  she  reversed 
nee  and  awe  of 
om  die  skies, 
gh  trees  at  the 
id  from  above; 


providing  an  almost  Inconceivable  avalanche  of  waters,  she  allows 
thcuj  to  be  observed  from  below,  as  if  pouring  from  the  clouds  ; 
and  in  the  coldest  seaHouH,  without  the  aid  of  heat,  a  mighty  cloud 
of  vaiMir  rises,  and,  condensing  in  the  form  of  ice  on  all  the  sur- 
rounding scenery,  forms  a  fairyland  of  scenic  ellect  which  is  as 
weird  and  strange  in  its  conception  as  tlie  works  of  enchantment. 
Yet  the  mind  of  man  has  refuHcd  to  be  sulxlued  by  the  grandeur 
here  displayed,  and  ba«  calmly  proceeded  to  utilize  the  very  edges 
of  the  cliffs  for  the  purpose  of  suspending  bridges  to  act  as  con- 
necting links  between  the  two  countries  which  the  river  seems 
solely  intended  to  separate;  and  across  them  thetrwi  horse  deliber- 
ately conveys  the  products  of  human  industry  to  and  from  each 
land! 

There  is  no  point  on  the  earth's  surface  from  which  an  entire  idea 
of  human  existence  can  be  more  adequately  conceived  than  from 
the  center  of  the  R.  R.  Sus[)en8ion  Bridge,  which  in  the  distance 
appears  as  a  mere  web  between  the  two  cliffs,  although  solid  and 
substantial  as  man's  ingenuity  can  make  it.  There,  suspended  in 
mid-air,  between  i)recipices  enclosing  a  terrifying  chasm,  through 
which  rushes  the  mighty  flood,  it  is  im])0S8ible  to  stand  without 
experiencing  that  feeling  of  entliusiasm  connected  with  the  assunii)- 
tion  that  the  creation  contains  no  i)Ower  too  great  for  human  con- 
trol. Yet,  when  the  heavily-laden  freight-trains  cause  the  fabric 
to  tremble,  the  possibility  of  the  breaking  of  the  Bridge  seems  so 
near  and  total  destruction  in  that  event  so  certain,  then  the  feeling 
of  exultation  is  necessarily  allied  with  that  of  fear,  recalling  the 
idea  of  standing  face  to  face  with  eternity.  This,  briefly  and  terse- 
ly, is  the  locale  of  Niagara  which  is  at  once  a  village  and  a  city,  for 
the  reason  that  it  contains  such  grand  and  interesting  scenery  as 
well  as  splendid  manufacturing  establishments  and  triumphs  of 
human  skill,  although  it  has  not  more  than  4,000  inhabitants ! 

A  proposition  has  sometimes  been  made  to  convert  this  place 
into  a  park  to  the  exclusion  of  manufactories.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  the  various  industries  of  the  future  will  be  able  to  draw 
all  the  power  required  from  the  river  above  the  Falls,'  without  in 
any  way  marring  the  scenery  of  the  latter ;  and  that  while  in  the 
years  to  come,  this  village  may  grow  to  be  a  city,  teeming  with 
ife  and  activity,  its  value  as  a  health  resort  will  be  in  no  wise 
abated. 

THE  NAME  NIAGARA. 

The  word  Niagara  is  a  household  word  all  over  the  world.  It 
is  applied  only  to  the  locality,  and  is  to-day  the  synonym  for  the 


iil 


r 


deal  waterfall.  It  is  of  Ituliun  origin,  for  the  IndiaiiH  om;e  in- 
habited airtliiHroiintry,  and  iniH'h  of  the  nomenclature  of  WeHtern 
Now  York  Ih  traceable  directly  to  them.  Niagara  is  MupjM»Hed  Ut 
be  borrowed  fron»  the  lanj^najie  of  the  Iro<ni<>iH,  an<l  means  "Tlie 
Thund(!rer  of  the  WaterH."  It  was  the  name  of  a  tribe,  for  it  wanan 
Indian  euHtom  to  call  their  triben  from  the  moHt  im|H)rtant 
natural  feature  of  the  country  they  inhabited  or  to  jiive  the  tribal 
name  to  Huch  feature.  ThuH  the  nameH  of  the  Onondajtas,  lluronH* 
Cayuj^H,  SenectiH  and  OneidaH  are  each  kej)t  alive  by  the  name  of 
a  river  and  a  lake  ;  while  the  Mohawk  River  recallH  to  mind  the 
greatest  warrior  tribe  of  all,  and  in  l^ake  lOrie  the  name  of  one  of 
the  weaker  tribew  m  ever  present.  The  River  and  the  FallH  were 
the  chief  features  of  the  Niagaras  country  and  their  chief  village 
bore  the  same  name. 

The  Ihirons  dwelt  North  of  this  section  and  the  Iroquois  8outh 
of  it.  So  the  Niagaras  dwelling  between  the  two,  and  at  peace 
with  each,  came  to  be  called  the  Neuter  Nation,  in  whose  wigwanis 
the  warriors  of  these  two  tribes  met  in  peace. 

Niagara  is  said  to  be  one  of  40  known  ways  of  spelling  the  name 
Ongniaarhra,  Nicariagas,  Ongiura,  Onyakara,  being  the  more  c<mi- 
mon  forms  met  with  in  ol<l  traditi(»ns. 

The  Neuter  Nation  were  also  called  Attouanderonks  by  other 
tribes,  that  is,  a  people  speaking  a  little  dift'erent  language ;  for 
their  dialect  was  diflerent  from  that  of  any  other  tribe,  though 
partially  understood  by  all.  IJoth  these  names,  as  well  as  Niagaras 
and  Kah-Kwas,  were  used  so  as  to  distinguish  their  location. 

The  Neuter  Nation  were  destroyed  or  absorbed  by  the  more 
powerful  Iroquois  about  lOrH),  permanent  neutrality  being  an 
untenable  ground.    The  Senecas  then  occupied  their  lands. 

Almost  100  years  after  this,  a  small  remenant  gathered  together 
and  went  back  to  the  famous  home  of  their  fathers,  but  they 
lived  there  only  a  few  years  and  dying  off  left  no  descendants  to 
iwrpetuate  their  tribe. 

HISTORICAL. 

The  historical  associations  that  are  connected  with  this  section 
of  the  country  and  with  this  famous  River,  are  numberless.  From 
the  earliest  days  of  the  red  men's  rule,  through  the  long  Frent^h 
and  English  wars,  to  the  closing  of  our  own  war  of  1812,  its  borders 
have  been  the  scene  of  many  bloody  conflicts  and  of  countless 
deeds  of  strategy  and  heroism. 

A  line  of  forts,  at  first  only  palisades,  but  gradually  strength 
ened  into  permanent  forts,  extended  all  along  the  River.    Forts§)ushed  v 

6 


I'lrie,  N 
I  Ml  Por 
A  merle 
jit  vari( 
Fre(H 
I'lnglisli 
>^ults  w 
were  th 
lown  i 
This 
carried 
when  I 
virtuall; 
After 
years  o 
York  p 
sidert^d, 
time  of  1 
The  d 
ment. 
I•^)rt  Eri 
Aligns 
cstablisl 
river  an 
arrived ; 
Xnother 
sclaer's 
and  refii 
were  tot 
chief  ev( 
Late  i: 
and  des 
Niagara 
Hur})rise( 
the  j)eo 
Indians, 
aid,  and 
Lewistor 
her  20  ar 

P'arly  i 
>^cott,  Ga 


tidiaiiH  otKH)  in- 
itnrr  of  Wt'Htorn 
k  iH  Hii|i|H>He(l  Ut 
11(1  iiH'unH  "  Tlie 
ilie,  for  it  v\uh  iiit 
iiioHt  iiii|H)rtiint 
» tiivo  tlu)  tribal 
ndupiH,  iltiroiiH* 
by  the  luiiiu'  of 
uIIh  to  iTiiiul  the 
iiaiiu^  of  Olio  of 
the  FallH  wc^ro 
(ir  chief  village 


IroquoiH  8otith 
),  and  at  peace 
kvhoHe  wijjfwaniH 

I'llinv;  the  name 
;  the  more  eom- 

'ronkn  by  other 
it  lan^na^e ;  for 
sr  tribe,  thon^h 
veil  aH  Niagaras 
r  location. 
1  by  the  more 
ality  beinji  an 
Mr  lands, 
hered  tofjether 
hers,  but  they 
descendants  to 


ith  this  section 
nberless.  From 
le  lonj?  Fren(!h 
812,  its  borders 


ually  strength- 
Q  River.    Forts 


Krie,  NiajiJira  and  MissisnaKa  <»n  the  <  anndian,  and  Fortu  Porter, 
iMi  Porta>;e,  S<hlo»Her,  Litth^  Nia^rara,  (Jrey  and  Niagara  on  the 
American  side,  are  but  links  in  the  great  chain  ofthffences  erecU'd 
iit  various  times  al<»ng  the  frontier. 

Fre(|uent  contests  were  carried  on  between  the  French  and 
Knglish,  each  one  assisted  by  faithful  Indian  allies  and  the  re- 
>^ults  were  both  bloody  and  destructive,  jis  ncitliiT  party,  even 
were  they  so  dis|)osed,  cotdd  always  repress  the  Indian  nature,  au 
shown  in  the  determinati«ui  to  burn  and  scalp  after  a  battle. 

This  «'ont«'st  between  French  jin<l  Knglish  in  America  was 
carried  (Ml  for  over  a  himdred  years,  and  finally  cease<l  in  17«.'J, 
when  the  French  rule  in  North  America  was  wiped  out.  It 
virtually  ceas'«d  in  I  Tf)!*,  after  the  «'apture  of  (Quebec  by  (ien.  Wolfe. 

After  tlu^  Declaration  of  Independence,  this  section  saw  a  few 
years  of  (fomparative  (|iuet,  and  the  settlement  of  Western  New 
York  prospenMl.  The  defense;  of  this  boun<lary  was  also  con- 
siilered,  th.)Ugh  the  next  Warsaw  the  British  in  possessitm  at  one 
time  of  the  «'ntire  American  bank  of  the  Niagara. 

The  declaration  of  the  war  of  1H12  threw  this  section  into  a  ft^r- 
ment.  liuflalo  and  Fort  Niagara  were  the  American  strongholds, 
Fort  Erie  and  (iueenston  Heights  those  of  the  British. 

August  11,  1842,  (ien.  Van  Kenssalaer  of  the  New  York  militia 
established  headquarters  at  Lewiston.  October  15,  he  crossed  the 
river  and  cai)tured  tiueenston  Heights.  Soon  after.  Gen.  Brock 
arrived  and  attmtked  him.  Brock  was  killed  in  the  engagement. 
Another  reinforcement  of  British  soon  arrived,  and  as  V^m  Rens- 
selaer's volmiteers  on  the  American  side  proved  to  be  cowards 
and  refused  to  cross  to  aid  their  comrades,  these  gallant  fellows 
were  totally  defeated  in  sight  of  their  comrades.  This  was  the 
•hief  event  of  the  year  1812  on  the  frontier. 

Late  in  the  year  1813,  Gen.  McClure  crossed  from  Fort  Niagara, 
and  destroyed  the  Canadian  town  of  Newark,  but  thinking  F\)rt 
Niagara  secure,  he  returned  to  Buffiilo.  Col.  Murray  of  the  English 
surprised  Fort  Niagara  antl  captured  it  December  19,  1813.  Then 
the  people  were  terror-stricken  and  fled  for  their  lives.  The 
Indians,  the  old  allies  of  the  English,  were  drawn  to  their  stand- 
ard, and  scoured  the  country.  The  British  captured  and  burnt 
.  .  I-ewiston,  Niagara  Falls  and  the  Tuscarora  village  between  Decem- 
id  of  countless  ''^^  20  and  29,  and  Buffalo  December  30. 

Pkrly  in  1814,  Gen.  Brown  took  command,  and  with  him  were 
^cott,  Gaines,  Porter,  Miller  and  others.  Then  the  campaign  was 
'ushed  with  zeal  and  energy.    Then  followed  victories,  Chippewa, 


.ML 


\i 


Lundy  8  Lane  the  famous  sortie  from  Fort  Erie  and  the  total 
defeat  of  the  British  and  soon  after  these  peace,  resulting  for  the 
Americans  according  to  Lord  Beaconsfi eld's  famous  aphorism  in 
reace  with  Honor." 

Of  many  -f  these  points  of  historical  interest  and  of  the  evonts 
which  happened  there,  we  shall  later  on  give  a  more  detailed  de- 
scription.  and  shall  also  give  many  facts  and  figures  in  relatio-  to 
the  River  itself,  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  elsewhere. 

GEOLOGICAL. 

in7f*^'°  the  memory  of  men  now  living,  the  Falk  have  receded 
lUO  teet.  This  naturally  prompts  the  question,  where  did  tl^e 
retrocession  begin  ?  Geologists  tell  us,  and  their  answer  is  ac 
cepted  as  conclusive,  at  tlie  mountain  near  Lewiston.  The  whole 
waters  of  the  lakes  there  foamed  over  this  dam,  which  was  several 
miles  m  width.  This  accounts  for  the  shells,  etc.,  which  have  been 
tound  on  Goat  Island,  it  having  been  submerged ;  also  for  the  shells 
found  on  the  land  along  the  river  up  stream,  shells  which  enabled 
Lyell,  Hall  and  others  to  prove  that  the  Niagara  once  flowed 
through  a  shallow  valley. 

That  it  cut  the  goroje  is  geologically  equally  decided.  There  is 
no  better  place  to  study  geology  an<l  the  strata  of  rocks  than  this 
gorge  that  Niagara  has  cut.  Mr.  Allen  in  his  Guide  Book  says: 
Not  only  has  the  Niagara  River  cut  the  gorge ;  it  has  carried  away 
the^chips  ot  Its  own  workshop.  The  slate  being  probably  orum- 
bled,  18  easily  carried  away.  But  a  the  base  of  the  Fall  we  find 
large  boulders,  and  by  some  means  or  other  they  were  removed 
down  the  River. 

•Iwu  '?  '^J''''^  ^"'  *^''  ^"'^^  ^"  ^^"t«^'  ««^  '-^hich  grapples 
with  the  boulders,  has  been  regarded  a.,  the  transporting  agent. 
Probably  it  is  so  to  some  extent.  But  erosion  acts  without  ceas- 
ing on  the  abutting  points  of  the  boulder,  thus  withdrawing  their 
support  and  urging  them  down  the  River.  Solution  also  does  its  " 
portion  of  the  work.  That  solid  matter  is  carried  down  is  proved 
by  the  difference  of  depth  bet^veen  the  Niagara  River  and  Lake 
Ontario,  where  the  River  enters.  The  depth  falls  from  sev-nty- 
two  feet  to  twenty  feet,  in  consequence  of  the  deposition  of  solid 
matter  caused  by  the  diminished  motion  of  the  River  Near  the 
mouth  of  the  go.-ge  at  Queenston,  the  depth,  according  to  the 
Canadian  Admiralty  Chart,  is  180  feet ;  well,  within  the  gorge  it  is 
132  feet. 

"We  may  add  a  word  regarding  the  proximate  future  of  Niagara 
At  the  rate  of  excavation  assigned  to  it  by  Sir  Charles  Lyell 

8  ' 


' 


piecee 
and  g] 
,  away 
Allen 
of  th( 
and  fr 
ward  1 
down^ 
Right 


nd  the  total 
Iting  for  the 
aphorism  in 

f  the  evfintp 
detailed  de- 
in  relatio-  to 
ewhere. 

ave  receded 
ere  did  tl^e 
nswer  is  ac 
The  whole 
I  was  several 
h  have  been 
'or  the  shells 
dch  enabled 
ance  flowed 

I.  There  is 
s  than  this 
Book  says: 
irried  away 
ably  crum- 
all,  we  find 
re  removed 

ch  grapples 
^ting  agent, 
thout  oeas- 
wing  their 
80  does  its    ' 
I  is  proved 
and  Lake 
m  seventy- 
3n  of  solid 
Near  the 
ing  to  the      ,' 
1  gorge  it  is      j 
I 
3f  Niagara, 
rles  Lyell, 


namely  a  foot  a  year,  5000  years  or  so  will  carry  the  Horseshoe 
Fall  far  higher  than  Goat  Island.    As  the  gorge  recedes,  it  will 
dram,  as  it  has  hit'-'^rto  done,  the  banks  right  and  left  of  it   thus 
leavmg  nearly  a  level  terrace  between  Goat  Island  and  the'  edge 
ot  the  gorge.  Higher  up  it  will  totally  drain  the  American  branch 
of  the  River,  the  channel  of  which  will  in  due  time  become  cul- 
tivatable  land.    The  American  Fall  will  then  be  transformed  into  a 
dry  precipice,  forming  a  simple  continuation  of  the  cliffy  boundary 
of  the  Niagara.    At  the  place  occupied  by  the  Fall  at  this  moment 
we  shall  have  the  gorge  inclosing  a  right  angle,  a  second  whirl- 
pool being  the  consequence  of  this.    To  those  who  visit  Niagara  a 
few  milleniums  hence,  T  leave  the  verification  of  this  prediction  " 
Various  authorities  put  the  recession  at  from  one  inch  to  one  foot 
a  year.    "  When  doctors  disagree,  etc." 

There  is  some  gradual  wearing  away  of  the  soft  limestone,  vary- 
ing with  the  volume  of  water,  but  every  spring  the  frost  and 
elements  accomplish  a  year's  work  by  breaking  off  some  large 
pieces,  tons  in  weight.    Thus  the  deeper  water,  swifter  current 
and  greater  weight  and  force  of  the  Horserhoe  Fall  cuts  the  rock 
away  faster  than  the  shallow  waters  of  the  American  Fall  do 
Allen  says.  "All  tho  phenomena  point  distinctly  to  the  center 
of  the  River  as  the  place  of  the  greatest  mechanical  energy 
and  from  the  center  the  vigor  of  the  Fall  gradually  dies  away  to- 
ward the  sides.    The  horseshoe  form,  with  the  concavity  facing 
downward,  is  an  obvious  and  necessary  consequence  of  this  action 
Right  along  the  middle  of  the  River,  the  apex  of  the  curve  pushed 
Its  way  backward,  cutting  along  the  center  a  deep  and  compara- 
tively narrow  groove,  and  draining  the  sides  as  it  passes  them." 

Prof.  James  Hall,  in  his  geology  of  the  4th  district  of  New  York 
state,  suggests  the  possibility  of  their  having  been  three  separate 
falls,  one  above  the  other,  when  the  Falls  first  began  to  recede 
The  face  of  the  gorge  from  the  Falls  to  Lewiston  and  along  the 
ridge  shows  us  exactly  through  what  kind  of  rocks  the  gorge  was 
cut.    Prof.  Hall  gives  these  as  the  strata  of  the  rocks : 

1 .  Niagara  limestone. 

2.  Soft  shale. 

3.  Compact  grey  limestone. 

4.  Shale. 

5.  Sandstone  constituting,  with  Nos.  6,  7  and  8  the  Medina  group 

6.  Shale  and  murl. 

7.  Quartz  sandstone. 

8.  Red  sandstone. 


Nii"iia  •'^'''^^  ''''  ^'*^*''''  ^''"^''^  *^"''  explains  the  progress  of 

"Before  reaching  the  whirlpool,  the  mass  becomes,  practically 
resolved  into  numbers  three,  four  and  five,  the  limestone,  a^  a 
general  rule,  growing  thicker  and  harder,  and  the  shale  also,  as 
we  follow  up  the  stream. 

"The  reason  why  retrocession  of  the  Fall  is  possible  is  found  in 
the  occurrence  of  the  shale  noted  above  as  underlying  the  rock 
It  18  a  species  of  indurated  clay,  harder  and  softer  according  to 
the  pressure  to  which  it  may  have  been  subjected.    When  pro- 
tectea  from  the  action  of  the  elements,  it  retains  its  hardness,  but 
when  exposed  to  them,  it  gradually  softens  and  crumbles  away 
After  a  time  the  superstratum  of  rock,  which  is  full  of  cracks  and 
seams,  is  undermined  and  precipitated  into  the  chasm  below     If 
the  stratum  of  shale  lies  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  channel 
below  ih^  Fall  it  will  be  measurably  protected  from  the  action  of 
the  elements.    In  this  case,  retrocession  will  necessarily  be  very 
gradual     If  above  the  Fall  the  shale  projects  upward  from  the 
channel  below,  then  in  proportion  to  the  elevation  and  thickness 
of  its  stratum  will  be  the  ease  and  rapidity  of  disintegration  and 
retrocession.    It  results,  therefore,  that  the  shale  furnishes  a  very 
good  standard  by  which  to  determine  the  comparative  rapidity 
with   which  retrocession    has    been  accomplished   at   different 
points. 

"From  the  base  of  the  escarpment  at  Lewiston  up  the  narrow 
bend  m  the  channel  above  the  Devil's  Hole,  a  distance  of  four  and 
a  quarter  miles,  the  shale  varies  in  thickness  above  the  water 
from  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  at  the  commencement  of  the 
gorge  to  110  feet  at  the  extremity  of  the  bend.   Here,  although 
there  is  very  little  upward  curve  in  the  limestone,  yet  there  is  a 
decided  curve  upward  in  the  Medina  group,  noticed  above,  com- 
posed mainly  of  a  hard,  red  sandstone.    It  projects  across  the    • 
chasm,  and  also  extends  upward  to  near  the  neck  of  the  Whirl- 
pool, where  it  dips  suddenly  downward.    The  two  strata  of  shale 
becoming  apparently  united,  follow  its  dip  and  also  extend  upward 
until  they  reach  the  maximum  elevation  near  the  middle  of  the 
Whirlpool.    Thence  the  shale  gradually  dips  again  to  the  Rail- 
way Suspension  Bridge,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  above.    For  the 
remaining  one  and  a  half  miles  from  this  Bridge  to  the  present 
site  of  the  Falls,  the  dip  is  downward   to  the  new  Suspension 
Rock  "'  ^         '*  "^""^  ''^'''"  ^""^  passes  under  the  Falls  to  Table 

10 


*  progress  of 

i,  practically, 
lestone,  as  a 
lale  also,  as 

is  found  in 
ig  the  rock, 
according  to 

When  pro- 
ardness,  but 
nbles  away. 

cracks  and 
I  below.    If 
:he  channel 
le  action  of 
ily  be  very 
d  from  the 
i  thickness 
;ratiou  and 
sbes  a  very 
ve  rapidity 
t   different 


he  narrow 
of  four  and 

the  water 
lent  of  the 
!,  although 

there  is  a 
:>ove,  com- 
across  the 
he  Whirl- 
a  of  shale 
id  upward 
die  of  the 

the  Rail- 

For  the 

le  present 

uspension 

I  to  Table     i.. 


FIRST  VISITED  BY  WHITE  MEN. 

We  do  not  know  when  white  men  first  visited  Niagara,  though 
after  the  discovery  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  1534,  any  of  the  traders 
and  adventurers  who  sought  this  region  may  have  done  so  at  any 
tinie. 

Jacques  Cartier,  in  his  description  of  his  second  voyage,  1536, 
speaks  of  a  cataract,  but  he  never  saw  it.  Samuel  Champlain,  in  a 
book  of  his  voyages,  published  in  1613,  indicates  a  waterfall  on  a  maj). 

In  1G48,  the  Jesuit  Father,  Ragueneau,  in  a  letter,  speaks  of  the 
cataract,  and  locates  it  very  correctly,  and  on  Sanson's  Map  of 
Canada,  1G57,  it  is  indicated. 

Du  Creux,  in  1660,  in  a  work,  "  Historiae  Canadensis,"  indicated, 
Niagara  on  a  map,  but  he  did  not  describe  the  Falls,  and  it  is 
doubted  if  he  ever  saw  them. 

The  first  description  that  we  have  is  that  of  Father  Hennepin, 
published  in  1678.  We  here  quote  a  part  of  his  description,  and 
also  reproduce  his  picture  of  the  Falls,  which  was  the  first  known 
representation  of  Niagara. 

"CHAP.    VII. 

A  description  of  the  Fall  of  the  River  Niagara,  which  is  to  be  seen  be- 
twixt the  Lake  Ontario  and  that  of  Erie. 
"DEtwixt  the  Lake  Oritario  and  Erie,  there  is  a  vast  and  prodig- 
^-^  ious  Cadence  of  Water,  which  falls  down  after  a  surprizing 
and  astonishing  manner,  insomuch  that  the  Universe  does  not  af- 
ford its  Parallel.  'Tis  true,  Italy  and  Suedeland  boast  of  some  such 
Things;  but  we  may  well  say  they  are  but  sorry  patterns,  when 
compar'd  to  this  of  which  we  now  speak.  At  the  foot  of  this  hor- 
rible Precipice,  we  meet  with  the  River  Niagara,  which  is  not 
above  a  quarter  of  a  League  broad,  but  is  wonderfully  deep  in 
some  places.  It  is  so  rapid  above  this  Descent,  that  it  violently 
hurries  down  the  wild  Beasts  while  endeavoring  to  pass  it  to  feed 
on  the  other  side,  they  not  being  able  to  withstand  the  force  of  its 
Current,  which  enevitably  casts  them  headlong  above  Six  hundred 
foot  high. 

This  wonderful  Downfall  is  compounded  of  two  cross-streams  of 
Water,  and  two  Falls,  with  an  isle  sloping  along  the  middle  of  it. 
The  Waters  which  fall  from  this  horrible  Precipice,  do  foam  and 
boyl  after  the  most  hideous  manner  imaginable  ,  making  an  out- 
raeeoufi  Noise,  more  terrible  than  that  of  Thunder;  for  when  the 
Wind  blows  out  of  the  South,  their  dismal  roaring  may  be  heard 
more  than  Fifteen  Leagues  ofl". 

11 


i 


!; 


12 


- 


s 

■3 
b 

2 

el 

M 


o 
to 

d 

V 

M 

a 


C3 


)il 


The  River  Niagara  having  thrown  it  self  down  thi«  incredible 
Precipice,  continues  its  impetuous  course  for  two  U'agues  togetiier 
to  the  great  Rock  above-niention'd,  witli  an  inexpressible  rapid- 
ny :  But  having  passed  that,  its  impetuosity  relents,  gliding  along 
more  gently  for  other  two  Leagues,  till  it  arrives  at  the  Lake  Ontario 
or  Frontenac. 

Any  Bark  or  greater  Vessel  may  pass  from  the  Fort  to  the  foot 
of  this  huge  Rock  above  mention'd.  This  Rock  lies  to  the  West- 
ward, and  is  cut  off  from  the  Land  by  the  River  Niagara,  about 
two  Leagues  further  down  than  the  great  Fall,  for  which  two 
Leagues  the  People  are  oblig'd  to  transport  their  goods  overland  • 
but  the  way  is  very  good ;  and  the  Trees  are  very  few,  chiefly  Firrs 
and  Oaks. 

From  the  great  Fall  unto  this  Rock,  which  is  to  the  West  of  the 
River,  the  two  brinks  of  it  are  so  prodigious  high,  that  it  would 
make  one  tremble  to  look  steadily  upon  the  Water,  rolling  along 
with  a  rapidity  not  to  be  imagin'd.  Were  it  not  for  this  vast  Cat- 
aract, which  interrupts  Navigation,  they  might  sail  with  Barks,  or 
greater  Vessels,  more  than  Four  hundred  and  fifty  Leagues,  crossing 
the  Lake  of  Huram,  and  reaching  even  to  the  farther  end  of  the 
Lake  Illinois,  which  two  Lakes  we  may  easily  say  are  little  Seas  of 
fresh  Water." 

The  Rock  above  mentioned  was  a  huge  bolder  or  mass  that  was 
found  on  the  river  bank  near  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  and  just 
above  the  village  of  Lewiston. 

Hennepin  was  the  priest  and  historian  who  accompanied  Chev- 
alier Robert  da  La  Salle.  This  leader  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence 
built  a  trading  post  at  Fort  Niagara,  visited  the  Falls,  built  in 
Cayuga  Creek  on  the  American  side,  5  miles  above  the  Falls,  the 
Griffin,  60  tons  burden.  August  7,  1679,  she  set  sail,  the  first  ves- 
sel that  ever  floated  on  the  Upper  Lakes.  She  crossed  Lake 
Huron,  but  on  the  return  foundered  with  all  on  board. 

THE   NIAGARA   RIVER. 

The  Niagara  River,  one  of  the  shortest,  but  one  of  the  most 
famous  rivers  in  the  world,  is  a  part  of  the  system  by  which  the 
waters  of  the  Great  Lakes  are  carried  to  the  ocean.  Its  entire 
length  is  only  36  miles-22  miles  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Falls  and 
14  miles  from  the  Falls  to  Lake  Ontario. 

The  Niagara  River  is  me.ely  one  link  in  the  chain  which  con- 
ducts the  waters  of  Lake  .  perior  to  the  Atlantic.  It  is  called 
the  Niagara  River  between  the  two  Lakes,  Erie  and  Ontario 

13 


i  i 


!i 


iin 


14 


I 

H 

i 


w 

o 

00 


*  ■"' 


J 


When  it  leaveH  T^ike  Ontario,  it  is  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  which 
is  7(X)  miles  long,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  8t.  Lawrence. 

It  is  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  the  U.  S.  and  Canada 
so  decreed  by  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  1815.  By  that  treaty,  tlu; 
boundary  line  runs  through  the  center  of  the  Great  Lakes,' and 
through  the  deepest  channel  of  the  rivers.  By  this  means,  over 
three-fourths  of  the  islands  in  the  River,  including  all  theiniport- 
ant  ones  but  one,  belong  to  the  U.  S.  Of  these  islands,  there  are 
in  all  36,  of  which  Grand  Island  is  the  largest  and  Goat  Island  the 
most  famous. 

In  its  course,  the  River  falls  336  feet,  as  follows:  From  Lake 
Erie  to  the  Rapids  above  the  Falls,  15 feet;  in  the  Rapids,  55  feet ; 
at  the  Falls,  161  feet ;  from  Falls  to  Lewi8ton,98  feet ;  from  Lewis- 
ton  to  Lake  Ontario,  7  feet. 

Its  sources  are,  Lake  Superior,  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in 
the  world. 


Lake  Huron   . 
"     Michigan 
"     St.  Clair 
"     Erie  .    . 


355  miles  long. 
260 
320 
49 
290 


160  miles  wide. 
100 

70 

15 

65 


1030  feet  deep. 
1000        " 
1000 

20 

84 


Several  smaller  lakes,  with  one  hundred  rivers,  large  and  small, 
pour  their  waters  this  way,  draining  a  country  of  more  than  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  square  miles.  This  is  the  drainage  of 
almost  half  a  continent,  and  whose  remotest  springs  are  2000 
miles  from  the  ocean. 

With  such  a  supply,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  volume  of  the 
Niagara  River  is  never  noticeably  diminished. 

Through  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  more  fresh  water  pours 
into  the  ocean  than  through  the  mouth,  probably,  of  any  one  river 
in  the  world. 

^  The  River,  over  the  American  Falls,  falls  159  feet,  and  over  the 
Canadian,  165,  the  difference  being  caused  by  the  greater  accumu- 
lation of  rock  at  the  base  of  the  former. 

The  Niagara  is  never  frozen  over,  but  it  accumulates  more  ice 
than  any  other  river  in  the  world. 

^  From  records  kept,  a  rise  in  height  of  water  of  one  foot  at  top  of 
Falls,  will  by  actual  measurement,  raise  it  17|  feet  below. 

The  River,  within  4  or  5  miles  of  the  Falls,  contains  some  of  the 
best  fishing  grounds  to  be  found  anywhere. 

On  the  surface  below  the  Falls.,  the  current,  when  the  water  is 
smooth,  runs  on  an  average  about  six  or  seven  miles  per  hour. 
Sailors  say,  about  30  or  40  feet  deep  it  runs,  at  least,  10  or  12 

16 


I 


10 


H 


knots.  And  this  is  the  reason,  we  think,  why  saw-logs  and  other 
bodies  phmping  over  the  Horseshoe  Fall  are  not  seen  until  they 
come  up  at  the  Whirlpool,  a  distance  of  three  miles. 

There  is  a  tradition  that  there  is  a  periodical  rise  and  fall  in 
the  level  of  the  Lakes,  embracing  a  period  of  14  years.  In  1843, 
1857  and  1871  the  Niagara  River  was  very  low. 

March  29, 1843,  a  heavy  gale  from  the  West  caused  the  highest 
water  ever  known.  The  water  rose  6  feet  perpendicularly  on  the 
Rapids. 

On  March  29,1848,  a  strong  East  wind  drove  the  water  back  into 
Lake  Erie.  The  heavy  ice  was  wedged  in  at  the  mouth  of  the 
River.  This  dammed  the  water  up,  and  soon  the  River  was  nearly 
dry.  The  rocks  under  the  rapids  were  bare,  and  people  walked 
and  drove  over  them.  The  Falls,  of  course,  shrank  to  a  mere 
nothing.  The  next  morning,  the  ice  was  forced  out,  and  Niagara 
resumed  its  sway,  but  the  sights  and  the  experiences  of  that  day 
were  novel  ones. 

The  average  depth  of  the  River  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Falls  is 
about  20  feet.  In  some  places  it  is  over  two  miles  wide.  At  the 
narrowest  point,  near  the  Whirlpool,  the  current  is  above  40  miles 
per  hour,  and  at  the  widest  part,  about  4  miles  per  hour. 

Between  the  Falls  and  the  Whirlpool,  the  depth  varies  from  75 
to  200  feet.  At  the  Whirlpool  Rapids,  it  is  estimated  at  250  feet ;  in 
the  Whirlpool,  at  400.  But  it  should  be  recalled  that  this  is  the 
depth  of  the  water  alone.  The  mass  of  stone,  gravel,  shale,  etc., 
which  in  one  way  and  another  has  been  carried  into  the  chan- 
nel, lies  below  the  water  and  above  the  original  bottom  of  the 
Gorge,  which,  therefore,  is  probably  as  deep  again.  Various  esti- 
mates have  been  given  of  the  amount  of  water  going  over  the  Falls. 
A  point  300  feet  wide  below  the  Falls  being  selected,  the  depth 
estimated,  and  the  velocity  of  the  current  known,  it  was  estimated 
that  1,500,000,000  cubic  feet  passed  that  point  every  minute. 

Another  estimate  says  100,000,000  of  tons  pass  through  the 
Whirlpool  every  hour. 

Judge  DeVeaux  estimated  that  5,000,000,000,  barrels  go  over 
every  24  hours;  211,836,853  barrels  an  hour;  3,536,614  barrels  a 
mmute ;  58,343  barrels  each  second. 

NIAGARA   PALLS. 

The  Falls  are  in  latitude  43°  6'^  North ;  longitude  2°  5^'  West 
from  Washington,  or  79°  5''''  West  from  Greenwich. 

The  Horseshoe  Fall  has  an  aggregate  length  of  over  2,000  feet; 
the  American  Fall,  about  800  feet. 

17 


Hennepin  speaks  of  three  Falls,  the  third  formed  by  the  hnpe 
maHfles  of  ro(rk  situated  where  Tahh;  Rocrk  stood.  These  roeks 
were  of  great  extent,  and  the  water  l)eing  ol)lijred  to  flow  around 
them,  formed  the  third  Fall,  and  this  Fall  fell  inward  and  at  right 
angles  to  the  present  Fall.  Seventy  years  later,  1751,  this  thinl 
Fall  hml  <lisappeared,  though  still  told  about  by  the  Indians.  The 
reason  was  because  the  big  roek  had  been  cnnnbled  away,  and 
the  channel  of  the  big  or  center  Fall  had  been  cut  deeper,  thus 
draining  this  higher  (channel. 

Some  one  once  suggested  that  when  you  are  opposite  the  Falls, 
especially  in  the  (Jorge,  lie  down  flat  on  your  back,  your  head 
toward  the  Falls,  and  look  at  them  over  your  head  from  that  posi- 
tion.   The  sight  is  unique  and  weird. 

Peoi>le  are  often  jnizzled  to  see  the  River  above  the  Falls  flow- 
ing West,  knowing  that  (Canada  is  North  of  the  U.  S.  and  that  the 
Niagara's  course  is  North.  This  is  caused  by  the  position  of  (irand 
Island,  and  a  glance  at  the  map  will  ex{)lain  it. 

In  1858,  the  Prince  of  Wales  visited  the  Falls,  which  were  lit  up 
by  (!alcium  and  colored  lights  i)laced  along  the  chasm,  and  as  near 
as  possible  to  the  Falls  themselves.  The  effect  was  grand,  and  has 
never  been  equaled. 

The  Indians,  it  is  said  in  Judge  De  Veaux's  works,  have  a  tra- 
dition that  two  human  beings,  yearly,  will  be  sacrificed  to  the 
Great  Spirit  of  these  waters.  Whether  any  reliance  can  be  placed 
upon  the  tradition  of  the  Indians  or  not,  it  is  true  that  almost 
every  year  has  proved  fatal  to  some  one. 

The  Indians  used  annually  to  sacrifice  a  life  to  the  Great  Spirit 
of  the  Falls,  choosing  the  fairest  daughter  of  the  tribe  to  guide  a 
white  canoe,  filled  with  fruits  and  flowers,  over  the  dreaded  brink. 
At  fli-st  sight,  strangers  are  sometimes  disappointed.  Either 
their  expectations  have  been  raised  too  high,  or  the  grandeur  of 
the  scene  surpasses  anything  they  anticipated. 

The  second  view  is  frequently  more  expressive  than  the  first. 
The  longer  the  visitor  tarries,  the  more  he  enjoys  and  appreciates. 
The  Falls,  it  is  true,  when  seen  from  above,  do  not  appear  more 
than  50  or  00  feet  high  ;  but  let  the  visitor  go  below,  if  he  would 
get  a  coirect  impression  of  this  stupendous  cataract.  Ten  times 
as  much  water  goes  over  Canadian  as  over  American  Fall. 

The  spray  rises  up  in  the  heavens  like  smoke,  and  can  be  seen 
for  a  long  way,  especially  when  the  rays  of  the  sun  are  upon  it. 
Judge  Porter  said  lie  had  thus  seen  the  spray  at  a  distance  of  Km 
miles. 

18 


If  the  wind  is  up  the  River,  tfie  viow  of  the  FaUn  is  not  ob- 
Htructed,  hut  if  it  is  l>lowing  down  the  Kiver,it  is  dirticidt  to  get 
any  view  of  the  Falls. 

In  1840,  (fuU  Island,  South  of  (Joat  Island,  contained  two  acres 
of  land.  The  storm  of  1847,  and  the  continued  encroach inents  of 
the  Riv(!r,  cut  it  all  away,  there  being  hanily  a  trace  of  it  now. 

The  view  of  the  Falls  at  sunrise  and  sunset  is  particularly 
grand. 

The  moonlight  views  of  Niagara  are  indescribably  weird  and 
delicate,  and  it  will  repay  the  traveler  to  journey  far  to  see  them. 
Solar  bows,  formed  by  reHectionof  thesun  on  the  spray,  can  be  seen 
on  any  bright  day,  when  the  visitor  is  between  the  sun  and  the 
spray.  Lunar  bows,  seen  at  night,  are  formed  in  a  similar  way,  by 
Lunar  beams.    The  spectator  must  be  similarly  ])laced. 

The  roar  of  the  Falls  can  be  heard  a  long  way  if  the  wind  blows 

toward  the  listener.    It  has  been  heard  at  Toronto,  44  miles,  and 

at  Buffalo,  22  miles.     Wlien  the  wind  blows  from  the  listener,  the 

roar  is  hardly  heard,  even  when  one  is  within  a  few  feet  of' the 
cataract. 

A  loud  roaring  of  the  Falls  is  said  to  indicate  rain.  The  rain 
winds  come  from  the  West,  and  a  West  wind  brings  the  sound  over 
the  village. 

Niagara  Falls  in  Winter  is  a  scene  that  no  pen  can  describe. 
The  ice  bridges  are  simply  accunnUations  of  ice  that  till  the  (iorge 
below  the  Falls.  The  ice  is  often  30  feet  thick,  and  its  surfm^e  is, 
of  course,  as  uneven  as  it  is  possible.  These  so-called  bridges  can 
be  crossed  with  safety.  Sometimes  they  extend  up  and  down 
stream  for  luilf  a  mile,  and  several  AVinters  it  has  been  possible  to 
walk  on  these  bridi^'es  up  the  center  of  the  River,  clear  past  the 
American  Fall,  and  to  Goat  Island,  mounting  the  Biddle  Stairs,  or 
returning  by  the  same  route  to  the  Ferry  Stairs.  Many  people 
have  taken  this  foolhardy  journey.  The  ice  that  collects  on  the 
trees  is  formed  by  the  spray  freezing  layer  by  layer,  and  is  very 
hard,  and  pure  white,  and  glistens  in  the  sunlight  with  exceptional 
brightness.  No  such  ice  scenery— on  the  banks  for  long  k-Mes, 
on  the  River  for  ice  jams,  on  the  trees  for  delicate  and  fantistically 
shaped  ice  tracery— can  be  found  elsewhere. 

VILLAGE  OP  NIAGARA   PALIS. 

The  Village  of  Niagara  Falls  was  incoriwrated  July  6, 1848,  under 
the  General  Act  of  New  York,  passed  in  1847.  It  has  a  noniilation 
of  4,000.  ':0n  both  sides  of  the  River  it  is  estimated  that  tiie'average 
annual  number  of  visitors  to  Niagara  is  400,000.    It  is  located  in 

19 


H 


3 


11 


what  iH  known  m  the  Milts  Strip,  a  Htrip  of  land  ono  mile  in  width 
alonj?  tho  whole  lonKtli  of  Niagara  liiver  reHerved  by  the  StaUs  in 
ItH  early  HaleH,  and  H(.ld  by  the  State  alxjut  1800.  AocordinK'  to  the 
State  diviHionH,  there  were  about  100  lots  in  the  strip,  lot  No.  42 
I      being  located  at  the  Falls. 

(  After  the  freedom  of  the  United  States  had  been  recognized,  a 
j:  dispute  arose  as  to  who  should  own  that  part  of  Western  New  York 
;!  lying  West  of  Seneca  I.ake.  Commissioners  finally  gave  New  York 
I  the  jurisdiction  and  Massachusetts  the  ownershi]).  It  would  seem 
\-  that  the  land  was  flrst  sold  to  Phelps  &  Gorham,  and  as  they  par- 
tially failed  to  fulfill  their  agreement,  Robert  Morris  acfiuired  it, 
and  afterwards  sold  the  Western  part  to  the  Holland  Land  Com- 
I»any,  though  the  Mile  Strij)  was  not  included  in  any  of  the  above 
sales.  The  part  purchased  by  the  comjjany  is  known  as  the 
Holland  I^nd  Purchase. 

The  village  was  originally  named  Manchester,  and  now  it  seems 
likely  that  in  a  very  few  years  it  will  be  worthy  of  the  name. 

In  1877,  it  was  first  proposed  to  tnake  an  International  R«;8er- 
vation  here;  to  have  Canada  buy  certain  lands  adjoining  the 
Falls  and  New  York  State  certain  similar  lands;  to  restore  them  to 
a  state  of  nature,  and  thus  keef)  them  forever.  The  report  of 
the  New  York  Commissioners  in  1879  recommended  that  the  land 
represented  by  the  shaded  part  on  our  map  be  so  reserved.  New 
York  has  passed  a  preliminary  bill,  appointed  commissioners,  and 
a  survey  is  now  in  progress. 

Numberless  accidents  have  happened  at  Niagara— suicides,  mur- 
ders, drowning,  over  the  Falls,  etc.  One  or  two  accidents  are 
si^ecially  mentioned  in  this  work,  but  it  would  be  useless  to  give  a 
full  list  of  even  known  accidents.  The  number  of  those  who  have 
taken  the  fatal  plunge  at  night,  unseen  save  by  the  "  Eye  that 
sieepeth  not,"  can  never  be  ascertained.  Some  years  there  will  be 
no  known  accident;  again  there  have  been  twelve  in  a  single 
season.  A  famous  accident  was  that  of  July  19, 1853.  Early  in 
the  morning,  a  man  was  seen  on  a  rock  in  the  A  merican  Rapids, 
midway  between  the  Falls  and  Goat  Island,  ii.  u  ,)\-i  to  be  a 
Mr.  Avery,  who  in  crossing  tiie  river  had  beea  i^riAst.  nto  the 
Rapids  and  liad  caught  there.  People  flocked  irom  all  over  the 
country  to  see  him.  Boats  and  ropes  were  lowered.  Several 
boats  were  lost,  and  two  sank  near  him.  Food  was  sent  to  him  in 
tin  cans.    A  raft  was  made  and  lowered,  and  reached  him  safely. 


He  iii.t.    '>t'    ^f.  and    PP'7«»d     ^b^   ^r\-r\ac>         Tt-     -.j.-^o.   a^~i.^.3 A-    *ii T 

A  boat  was  lowered  and  touched  the 

20 


l8lar%\  \n 


cavjglit  there. 


!  in  wi<lth 
e  HtaUj  in 
in^  to  thu 
ot  No.  42 

>jrnized,  a 
^ew  York 
Jew  York 
)nl<l  HL't'in 
they  par- 
iHiired  it, 
md  Coin- 
lie  above 
n  a8  the 

'  it  seems 
inie. 

Ill  Riiser- 
nin^  the 
!  tliein  to 
report  of 
the  land 
(d.  New 
lers,  and 

lea,  mur- 
ents  are 
to  give  a 
dio  have 
Eye  that 
e  will  be 
a  single 
Early  in 
L  Rapids, 
I  to  be  a 

nto  the 
3ver  the 

Several 
3  him  in 
n  safely. 
»  Chupiii 
hed  the 


r  r  ,.  r*""^  "**^''*''  ^'"'''*'"''  ^''  ^^  ^"^"  '^-  '''*'"  f»ft  ti,.iM.d  and 
ho  fell  into  the  River  and  was  <-arried  ..ver  the  Falls  after  an 
eighteen-hour  stn.ggle  for  lift,.  Of  late  years  we  think  mridents 
are  fewer  and  siiicidt^H  much  more  frequent. 

Two  or  three  events  hero  d.Herve  m(,re  than  a  passing  mention 
1  he  first  of  these  was  the  feat  of  walking  across  the  River  below 
the  Falls  on  a  tight  rope,  perforn.ed  in  1858  r)y  Blondin,  a  French- 
man.   He  first  stretched  his  rope,  a  2-inch  cable,  across  the  River 
below  the  ol.I  Suspension  Bridge.    About  every  eight  feet,  stays 
were  attache<l  to  this  rope,,  and  nmning  from  each  shore  to  near 
the  center  of  tlie  span  ;  and  at  each  point  two  roi«^s  diverged  one 
on  either  side  to  the  nearest  bank.    Across  the  mpe  at  this  point 
und  afterward  at  a  point  midway  between  the  old  SusjK'nsion 
i.ridge  and  the  Falls,  he  repeatedly  crossed  the  chasm,  perfi.rming 
ncks-at  one  time  wheeling  a  wheelbarrow ;  once  carrying  a  man 
on  his  back,  cmce  with  peach-baskets  on  his  feet  (this  when  the 
Prince  ot  Wales  was  a  spectator),  and  once  in  the  night,  when  an 
attempt  was  made  to  light  up  the  chasm.    He  carried  a  heavy 
balance-pole,  by  which  he  steadied  himself.    He  was  a  man  of 
ir(m  nerve,  and  could  he  have  obtained  permission,  would  have 
stretched  his  rope  from  the  Terrajun  Rocks  to  the  opposite  shore 
and  thus  in  the  midst  of  the  spray  and  rainbows,  have  essaved  to 
cross  the  yawning  gulf,  and  he  probably  would  have  succeeded. 
Since  that  time  not  less  than  three  men  and  one  woman  have 
performed  the  feat  of  walking  over  the  chasm  on  a  tight  rope. 

In  1873,  a  fellow,  Belleni  by  name,  stretched  a  rope  from 
opi)08ite  the  Clifton  House  to  Prospect  Park.  Walking  to  the 
center  of  the  rope,  he  three  times  leaped  off  into  space  and  sank 
into  the  River  below,  a  distance  of  200  feet.  He  had  a  rubber  cord 
an  inch  in  diameter  and  twelve  feet  long  constructed,  one  end 
being  securely  fastened  to  the  rope.  Holding  the  other  end  firmly 
in  his  descent  the  tension  served  to  hold  him  in  an  upright  posi- 
tion. The  third  time  the  cord  broke  and  entangled  his  feet,  so 
that  below  water  he  was  tightly  bound.  He  sank  so  deep  that  he 
nearly  suffocated.  He  was  picked  up  by  the  boat  which  was  in 
readiness,  but  in  an  exhausted  condition. 

In  1878,  after  duly  advertising  the  fact,  a  man  named  Peer 
dropped  from  the  center  of  the  new  Suspension  Bridge  into  the 
River.  The  platform  from  which  he  hung  by  his  hands  while 
poising  himself,  is  still  attached  to  the  Bridge,  beyond  the  rail  in 
the  center  of  the  bridge  on  the  side  toward  the  Falls.  He  per- 
formed the  feat  in  safety. 

31 


(I 


But  the  mo^t  daring  feat  was  that  periormed  Juno  15, 1861,  by  J. 
K.  Robinson,  a  brave  and  noble  man,  and  one  whose  name  for 
deeds  of  daring  and  for  assistance  rendered  to  men  who  were 
endangered  in  the  Kapids  of  ihe   Niagara  will  ever  be  fondly 
cherished  here.    In  1846  a  small  steamer,  called  the  "  Maid  of  the 
Mist,"  was  built  below  the  Falls,  and  made  regular  trips  up  close  to 
the  Falls  and  back.    In  1854,  a  larger  and  better  boat,  90  feet  long, 
was  built  and  continued  the  business  successfully.    In  1861 ,  being 
restricted  to  the  Canadian  shore  for  passengers,  she  did  not  pay, 
and  as  tne  sh^^riff  was  about  to  levy  on  her  for  del>t  it  was  necas- 
sary  to  get  her  away.    There  was  but  one  route.    But  who  would 
pilot  ?ier?    No  one  but  Robinson,  and  he  agreed  to  deliver  her  at 
Lake  Onti  rio,  and  h  ;  did     Two  men  v/ent  with  liim,  and  on  the 
date  above  they  started.    In  the  Whirlpool  Rapids  the  boat  was 
terribly  battered  and  her  smoke-stack  turn  off;  the  men  being 
knocked  down  and  powerless.    When  she  reachcMl  the  Whirlpool, 
Robinson  seized  the  tiller,  and  before  she  was  sucked  into  any  of 
the  eddies,  guided  her  into  the  outlet,  whence,  through  the  rushing, 
dashing  waters,  she  sped  like  a  bird  and  reached  Lewistim  and 
quiet  waters  in  safety.    Rol)inson  is  said  to  have  received  1500  for 
his  services  during  the  20  minutes  intervening  between  leaving 
the  ferry  stairs  and  the  arrival  at  Lewiston.    Robinson  and  his 
two  companions  are  the  only  men  who  ever  passed  through  the 
Whirlpool  alive. 

The  village  is  a  splendid  manufacturing  j  oint.  Its  location  is 
central ;  water-power  is  plentiful  and  reasonable.  The  village  lias 
all  modern  improvements ;  taxes  are  light,  and  there  is  no  debt  of 
any  kind.  Railway  facilities  of  all  kinds  and  over  all  roads  are 
unsurpassed.  Raw  material  can  be  received  by  water  via  the 
Erie  Canal  from  the  East,  and  via  the  Niagara  River  from  the 
great  lakes. 

The  Hydraulic  Canal  in  this  village  was  completed  in  1855. 
Tills  canal  can  be  cut  100  feet  wide  at  any  time,  and  will 
then  furnish  unlimited  water-power.  The  ca-ial  was  bought  by 
J.  F.  Shoelkopf  in  1878.  Since  then  its  basin  lias  been  enlarged, 
and  a  huge  penstock  oi  shaft,  50  feet  square  and  100  feet  deep,  has 
been  sunk  down  into  the  rock.  A  tunnel  connects  the  bottom 
of  this  shaft  with  the  Gorge  below  the  Falls,  and  thus  3,000  extra 
horse-power  has  been  attained,  and  this  pov/er,by  belts  and  ropes, 
is  transm.itted  long  dintanccs  in  all  directions. 

Niagara,  through  her  hackmen,  bears  a  bad  name  the  world 
over.    These  men  are  not  as  bad  as  represented ;  neither  are  the 

22 


great  majority  of  them  swindlers.  As  in  every  other  business, 
there  are  bad  ones  as  well  as  good.  The  worst  feature  about  them' 
is  the  way  in  which  they  follow  i)eople  and  importune  them  to 
ride.  They  seem  to  have  no  comprehension  of  the  meaning  of 
the  word  "  no."  If  the  State  ever  makes  an  International  Park  at 
this  place,  they  will  doubtless  establish  a  special  police  force, 
and  a  special  court  of  justice,  and  will  control  the  principal  streets^ 
as  they  would  be  the  avenues  leading  to  this  Park.  When  this 
becomes  an  accomplished  fact,  that  class  of  Niagara  hackmen  who 
are  now  so  obnoxious  will,  under  the  sha^le  of  stern  law  and  justice 
be  forever  crowded  out  of  the  place.  In  dealing  with  them,  make 
a  definite  bargain  in  advance;  stiimlate  exiu-Uy  as  to  tolls;  the 
names  and  nimiber  of  the  points  of  interest  to  be  visited';  the 
time  to  be  occupied;  and  that  there  are  to  be  no  extras,  and  there 
will  usually  bo  little  trouble. 

We  api)end  below  the  rates  of  fare  allowed  by  law  in  the  Village 
of  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  for  the  use  of  carriages  : 

EATES  OF  FARE  ALLOWED  BY  LAW, 

FOR  THE  USE  AND  HIRE  OF  CARRIAOES  WHERE   NO   EXPRESS  CONTRACP 

IS  MADE  therefor: 

For  carrying  one  passenger  and  ordinary  baggage  from  one  place 
to  another  in  the  village,  50  cents. 

p]ach  additional  passenger  and  ordinary  baggage,  25  cen's. 

For  carrying  one  passenger  and  ordinary  baggage  from  any  point 
in  this  village  to  any  point  in  the  Village  of  Suspension  Bridge 
1  dollar.  ' 

Each  additional  passenger  and  ordinary  baggage,  50  cents. 
Each  additional  piece  of  baggage  other  than  ordinary  baggage 
12  cents. 

Children  under  3  years  of  age,  free. 

Over  3  years  and  under  14  years,  half  price. 

Ordinary  baggage  is  defined  to  be  1  trunk  and  1  bag,  hat  or 
bandbox,  or  other  small  parcel. 

For  carrying  one  or  more  passengers,  in  the  same  carriage,  from 
any  point  in  this  village  to  any  i)oint  within  5  miles  of  the  Unulz 
of  the  village,  .It  the  rate  of  $1.50  for  each  hour  occupied,  except 
that  in  every  instance  where  mvh  carriage  shall  be  drawn  by  a 
single  horse,  the  fare  therefor  shall  be  at  the  rate  of  1  dollar  for 
eaiui  hour  occupied. 


■£i 


41 H  L-Jii-i 


PREFATORY. 


In  the  preparation  of  this  entire  work,  we  have  endeavored  to 
tell  fully  and  plainly  what  there  is  to  see  at  Niagara  Falls  and  in 
the  neighborhood,  so  that  our  Guide  may  be  used  by  all  coining 
here  as  a  means  ofselecting  points  of  interest  to  visit,  and  after- 
wards taken  abroad  to  show  to  absent  friends  what  has  been 
seen.  Keeping  that  object  in  \  iew,  we  have  inserted  many  fine 
cuts  illustrative  cf  the  Falls  and  vicinage,  and  believe  that  our 
efibrts  to  assist  our  readers  in  this  particular  will  be  widely 
appreciated. 

The  maps  accompanying  this  book  have  been  specially  prepared 
for  it  and  will  be  of  great  service,  as  tiiey  point  out  the  relative 
position  of  the  different  points  of  interest. 

In  order  to  proceed  regularly  in  our  task,  we  have  placed  the 
various  points  ofinterest  in  the  order  in  which  they  usually  are 
and  in  which  they  always  ought  to  be  visited— the  Goat  Island 
Group  coming  first  in  the  category,  as  it  is  indisputably  the  finest 
piece  of  property  in  the  world  as  a  Summer  or  Winter  scene.  By 
following  this  arrangement  visitors  will  see  the  whole  of  Niagara  to 
the  best  advantage,  in  the  easiest  and  quickest  way  and  with  the 
least  needless  expense. 


24 


ndeavored  to 
Falls  and  in 
ly  all  coming 
it,  and  after- 
lat  has  been 
d  many  fine 
eve  that  our 
11  be  widely 

ally  prepared 
the  relative 

e  placed  the 
'  usually  are 
Goat  Island 
>\y  the  finest 
r  scene.  By 
of  Niagara  to 
nd  with  the 


Map  ol  Uoat  l8laiiil. 


26 


POINTS  OF  INTEREST. 


I 


Bridal  Veil  Fall. 


GOAT   ISLAND. 

The  "  Goat  Island  Group;'  so  called,  is  an  estate  consisting  of  u 
large  island  standing  on  the  verge  of  the  cliff  over  which  the 
Cataract  pours,  and  dividing  the  River  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form 
from  its  waters  two  Falls— the  one  being  known  as  the  "  Ameri- 
can"  and  the  other  as  the  "  Horseshoe  or  Canadian  Falls,"  and  in- 
clndef*  several  other  smaller  islands,  notably  Bath  Island,  lauui 
Island,  Terrapin  Rocks,  Three  Sisters  Islands,  and  ten  others  not 
yet  accessible  by  bridges. 

20 


isisting  of  u 
r  which  the 
ler  as  to  form 
the  "  Ameri- 
lUs,"  and  in- 
nland,  J.inni 
11  others  not 


Originally,  the  first  man  who  had  any  right  to  name  "  Goar 
Island,  called  it  very  properly  "  Iris  Island,"  and  it  ought  to  be 
known  under  that  appellative.  It  owes  its  present  singular  name 
to  a  local  fact.  In  1779,  a  Mr.  John  Stedman,  having  cleared  a 
portion  of  the  upper  end  of  the  Island,  placed  some  goats  (notable 
among  them  an  aged  male  goat)  upon  it.  During  the  ensuing 
Winter  it  was  impossible  to  reach  the  Island,  and  the  animals  were 
killed  by  the  cold.  The  people  named  the  Island  after  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  flock  "  (?oo< /s/awrf,"  a  cognomen  which  has  ever 
since  adhered  to  it. 

These  islands  were  originally  owned  by  the  State  of  New  York. 
At  one  time  it  was  proposed  to  establish  a  prison  and  at  another 
time  an  arsenal  at  Goat  Island. 

In  1814,  General  and  Judge  Porter  bought  of  Samuel  Sherwood  a 
paper  called  a  Float,  given  by  the  state  as  pay  for  military  services 
rendered,  authorizing  the  bearer  to  locate  200  acres  of  land  on  any 
of  the  unsold  or  unappropriated  land  belonging  to  the  State.    Part 
of  this  they  located  on  Goat  and  other  adjacent  islands,  immediate- 
ly above  and  adjoining  the  Great  Falls,  their  patent  bearing  date 
1816  and  signed  by  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  as  Governor,  and  Martin 
Van  Buren  as  Attorney-General  of  New  York.    An  early  record 
says  the  Island  once  contained  250  acres  of  land ;  at  present  the 
group  contains  some  65  acres.    The  area  of  Goat  Island  is  sixty- 
one  and  a  half  acres;   its  circumference  about  one  mile.    A  strip 
about  10  rods  wide  and  80  rods  long  has  been  washed  away  on 
the  South  side  since  the  first  road  was  made  in  1818.    Long  before 
It  was  bridged,  it  was  visited  from  time  to  time  by  persons  to 
whom  Its  attractions  were  of  more  importance  than  the  peril  of 
reaching  it.    The  late  Judge  Porter,  who  visited  it  in  1805,  found 
names  cut  in  the  bark  of  a  beech  near  the  Horseshoe  Falls  with 
the  subjoined  dates  of  1771,  1772  and  1779.    The  first  bridge  to 
this  group  was  built  in  1817,  and  reached  to  the  head  of  Goat 
Island.    The  next  Winter  the  high  water  and  the  ice  washed  it 
away. 

In  1818,  another  bridge  was  built,  but  lower  down,  on  the  site  of 
the  present  one.  This  was  repaired  frequentlv  till  1856,  when  the 
present  iron  bridge  was  constructed.  The  foundation  consists  of 
oak  cribs,  filled  with  stones  and  covered  with  plates  of  iron.  The 
superstructure  is  of  iron,  and  consists  of  four  arches  of  ninetv  feet 
sj»an  each,  supported  between  these  piers.  The  whole  length  of 
the  bridge  is  three  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  and  its  width  is 
twenty-seven  feet.    Of  this  a  double  carriage  way  occupies  sixteen 

27 


iJ    ^1 


11    n 


and  a  half  feet,  and  two  foot  ways,  one  either  side  of  the  carriage- 
way, five  and  a  quarter  feet  each.  Visitors  often  aslc  how  the  first 
bridge  was  built  over  the  Rapids. 

A  suitable  jner  and  platform  was  built  at  the  water's  edge ;  long 
timbers  were  projected  over  this  abutment  the  distance'  they 
wished  to  sink  the  next  pier,  heavily  loaded  on  the  end  next  to 
the  shore  with  stone,  to  prevent  their  moving.  Legs  were  framed 
through  the  ends  of  the  projecting  timbers,  resting  upon  the  rocky 
bottom,  thus  forming  a  temporary  pier,  around  which  a  more  sub- 
stantial one  was  built.  These  timbers  were  then  securely 
fastened  to  this  pier,  cross-boards  were  spiked  on  and  the  first 
section  was  done.    The  plan  was  repeated  for  each  arch. 

Goat  Island  w^s,  in  ancient  times,  one  of  the  favorite  burying- 
grounds  of  the  Indians,  and  yet  preserves  traces  of  their  funeral 
rites.  It  was  particularly  revered  as  the  spot  where  chiefs  and 
noted  warriors  were  buried. 

The  entrance  and  toll  gate  to  Goat  Island  is  portrayed  below. 

Tolls  for  the  day,  50  cents  each.  Season,  $1.00.  Reductions  to 
excursions. 


Goat  Island  Toll  Gate. 

Crossing  the  first  bridge,  from  which  both  up  and  down  stream 
is  to  be  had  one  of  the  grandest  views  of  the  Rapids,  you  reach 
Bath  Island,  some  two  acres  in  extent.  A  few  rods  below  and  near 
the  Falls  isChapin  Ishmd,  so  called  because  a  man  of  that  name  in 
1819,  while  repairing  the  bridge,  fell  into  the  River,  but  succeeded 
in  reaching  that  Island,  from  which  he  was  soon  rescued.  Cross 
the  next  bridge  and  you  are  at  Goat  Island. 

28 


of  the  carriage - 
sk  how  the  first 

er's  edge ;  long 
distance  they 
e  end  next  to 
is  were  framed 
upon  the  rocky 
eh  a  more  sub- 
then  securely 
I  and  the  first 
arch. 

orite  burying- 
■  their  funeral 
ere  chiefs  and 

ayed  below. 
Reductions  to 


down  stream 
is,  you  reach 
low  and  near 
that  name  in 
3ut  succeeded 
scned.    Cross 


^eUhe^oi  i!       '  "•""  "'.™  •"  y^-'riRht-by  taking  this  route  you 

t^ctatr.tr'"'"^*''"'''  '""^^''"  «""»<"■'=  "'"«'  '"  which  to  ap. 

{^TJr^T     7\r:"^"'"""^  ""f"'  ™'"™"y-    Advancing 

Z  vi^s^f  «'""'"'• ,  '•"  ""■"■'*  ^""  ■•"'"*  ""<^  «f  the  most  charm- 
ing views  of  Niagara,  ilhistrated  on  next  page. 


i- 


Approach  to  Ooat  lei.ud. 


Descendmg  the  Stairs,  on  What  from  its  shape  is  called  ^^  Hog^s 
Back,"  you  stand  next  to  the  Little  Fall,  beneath  which  is  the 
famous  Cave  of  the  Winds;  and  crossing  the  little  bridge  a  tyour 
right,  you  reach  Lnua  Island.  ^ 

29 


I    i      ii 

From  the  further  point,  protected  by  an  iron  rail,  we  see  the 
most  desirable,  near  view  of  the  American  Falls  and  Rapids 
which  are  so  close,  that  it  is  possible  to  dip  the  hand  into  the 
rushing  tide  passing  over  the  verge.  Here,  too,  one  gets  an  ex- 
cellent view  of  the  debris  of  rock  and  shale  deposited  by  the  action 
of  the  torrent  at  the  foot  of  the  American  Fall,  and  also  a  fine 
perspective  of  the  Gorge  below. 


American  Fall  from  Goat  Island, 

This  spot  is  called  Luna  Island,  because  the  Luna  bow  is  seeu 
here  to  the  best  advantage. 

It  has  often  been  remarked  by  strangers  that  this  Island  trem- 
bles, which  is  undoubtedly  true  ;  but  the  impression  is  heightened 
by  imagination. 

It  was  while  climbing  over  the  rocks  directly  under  this  Island 
that  Dr.  Hungerford,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  was  killed  in  the  Spring  of 
1839,  by  the  crumbling  of  a  portion  of  the  rock  from  above.    This 
IS  the  only  accident  that  ever  occurred  at  Niagara  by  the  falling  of 

30 


,  we  see  the 
and  Rapids 

and  into  the 
gets  an  ex- 

by  the  action 

i  also  a  fine 


'"^S^;, 


bow  is  seen 

sland  trem- 
)  heightened 

this  Island, 
le  Spring  of 
bove.  This 
he  falling  of 


On  the  Northern  shore  of  this  Island,  a  few  feet  above  the  brink 
w  a  spot  of  mournft,!  memory.  On  June  21,  1840,  the  family  of 
Mr.  Deforest,  of  Buffalo,  „i,h  a  friend,  Mr.  Chares  Admnlf 
were  v.ewmg  the  scenery  from  this  point.  The  party,  inTne 
»p.nt«  were  about  leaving  the  Island,  when  Mr.  AddinUon  J 
™nced  playfully  to  Miss  Annetta,  the  little  daughter  Tm^ 
deforest,  say.ng  "  I  am  going  to  throw  you  in,"  at  the  same  tVme 
fr!    f>      .Kn,? ."''  "'^^  <>""«  water.    With  a  sudden  impulse  of 


fear,  the  child  sprang  from  his  hands  into  the  River. 


With 


a 


Bridge  to  Luna  Island. 

shnip'';!^i!-''''"';^  '"^'',  'P'^"^  *^  '^""^  ^"^'  b"t  b^f«r^  those  on 
^ore  had  time  to  speak  or  move,  they  had  passed  over  the  preci- 

fn  the  rLVTyf  ^^^  V'™""^^  ^^^^  ^^""^  ^^e  same  afternoon 

n  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  ;  and  a  few  days  afterward,  the  body  of 

the  gallant  but  fated  man  was  likewise  recovered  and  committed 

(.ciouaiij  that  ever  occurred  at  the  Falls. 

As  you  leave  Luna  Island,  stop  a  moment  at  the  foot  of  the 
path  before  ascending,  and  see  the  so-called  profiles,  formed  by  the 

31 


and  almos't  nZtrA^^Z^^  '""""'    ^""  '"""  "  ""^  ^ 
JmZ  t^:"  "'""  "'-"^  '"»  "'«'^  —■"""«  "ke„e«;  throe 

Ihey  are  secured  to  the  solid  rock 
by  ponderous  iron  bolts,  and  are  said 
to  be  perfectly  safe.    The  perpendic- 
ular  height  of  the  bank  at  this  place 
IS  18o  feet;  the  staircase  itself  being 
80  feet  high  and  consisting  of  90  steps 
i^roni  the  stairs  to  the  river  there  is  a 
rude  pathway;  but  it  is  seldom  trav- 
ersed, except  for  the  purpose  of  ang- 
Img  an  art  which,  at  the  right  time 
of  the  year,  is  here  practiced  with  the 
happiest  success. 

Shortly  after  their  erection,  the  well- 
known  Sam  Patch,  whose  diving  pro- 
pensities made  his  name  a  household 
word,  made  his  famous  leap  of  100  feet 

into  the  liiver  in  1820.    Midway  be- 
tween the  foot  of  these  stairs  and  the 

Canadian  Fall,  he  erected  a  scaffold 

96  feet   high,   from  which  he  made 

his  successful  leap.     He  repeated  it 

successfully  the  same  year,  then  went 

to  the  Genese  Falls  at  Rochester,  and 

jumped,  and  was  killed.     He  never 

rose  to  the  surface  after  he  jumped,  and 

his  body  was  not  found  for  some  days 

and  then  miles  away.  ' 

No  charge  is  made  for  the  use  of  the  stairs 

irom  the  foot   of  Biddle's  Stairs,  two  paths  lead  in  opposite 


•A 


Biddlc  Stairs  from  above. 


ikeness  to  three 


9  from  above. 


m  opposite 


above,  and  i«  more.  iffl™r'r.*r"i^'""''"'  "^  "»<'<"'  f™" 

muilt.    But  It  will  repay  yotir  trouble  fop 

next  page,  which  ,8  not  obtain,    le  cls„. 

"Ot  of  the  stairs,  a  few  minutes'  walk 

^.n«syo„tothe.*lebratedCave„f  the 
Winds,  or  as  ,t  is  sometimes  called  JE<Z 
Cavern,  by  all  means  the  bt,t  placet  "„ 
l-ehmd  the  sheet  of  water,    it  was  ft ™^ 

;:  rt'hi^  "^'  r  """"^  "■"  ^'  ^' 

years,  his  curious  but  splendid  Cave  has 
been  the  chief  charm  of  the  locality  a„d 

It  is  ZK"'1^*"""«'"^  •'^  "undJs 

100  feet  in  height.  Having  been  exca^ted 
by  the  Hc  lon  of  the  falling  water,  it  forms 
a  natural  chamber  through  which  wiih 
Citable  dresses  and  guide's,  wTithtri^ 
secured  for  a  dollar,  we  can  pass  between 
the  Cataract  and  the  Rock,  and  see  the 
ever-changing  effect  of  the  light  2s  1' 
hrough  the  descending  mass  of  Tte« 
take  a  bath  in  the  miet  and  spray  If  old 
Niagara;  pass  through  the  rainbows   and 
secure  a  delightful,  novel  and  Strang^  in^ 
nation  of  commingled  terror  and  's^f^ty 
from  which  we  can  emeige  after  a  few 
minutes  as  free  from  any  other  effect  of 
the  water  as  when  we  entered 

The  gradual  wearing  .away''!;;  theTater  of th'^n'T  "■"  *-^- 
of  the  precinice  left  tL  r       T  ™"'^'°f  '^e  shaly  substratum 

thirty  freTbe"hebie?hTfor^  '*"™  "'"^"'''"^  '"»'■' 
which  falls  the  to  r^nt  r  N^^ra  ihe  "  ""^^  •"'™'  °™' 
atmosphere  by  the  falling  waterTh:;.  ^LT^TZ  C  *'^ 
rendered  as  stormy  and  turbulent  as  th,.  ,ff  , ,  t  f'"'  ^"^  '« 
from  whose  classical  m.,J^T„"^LV^'t  ''^<"'  ^«1°«  himself, 

_,,  „  ,        ,.  "    '■' '  ■■■"^<--",  •■.  uenvea  lis  flrst  name. 

The  formation  of  the  Cave  it<i»lf  i.   „     .  •      .  , 
tion  farther  on.  explained  by  an  illustra- 


BIddle  Stairs  from'below, 


33 


'I 


If  the  wind  is  blowing  down  the  river,  or  from  the  American 
Bhore  von  tan  ntand  with  perfect  safety  upm  a  larRe  rock  within 
a  few  feet  of  the  falling  sheet,  withofu  inconvenience  from  ^lle 
hIZhs  ,  T  ^ft*;'-"'^""  wlu.n  the  sun  shines,  there  is  always  a 
splendid  rainbow,  between  the  sheetof  water  an.lthe  rock,  within 
a  few  feet  of  yon ;  and  this  is  the  cmly  place  on  the  globe  where  a 
rainbow  forming  an  entire  circle  can  be  seen.  Two,  and  same- 
times  three,  have  been  seen  at  once.  ' 

The  grand  trip  in  front  of  the  Fall,  where  the  water  appears  to 
pour  from  the  sky,  is  splendidly  illustrated  on  page  36. 


Horseihoe  Falli  from  below. 

After  leaving  the  Biddle  Stairs,  follow  the  path  along  the  bank 
and  you  soon  reach  the  spot  where  a  huge  slice  of  the  land  has 
tallen.  One  slide  occurred  in  1843  and  another  in  1847  Within 
20  years,  more  than  20  feet  in  width  and  400  feet  in  length  have 
gone  down  Proceed  a  little  further,  and  you  stand  above  and  in 
full  view  of  the  Canadian  Fall.  Go  down  the  hill  and  out  to  the 
Terrapin  Rocks ;  it  may  be  tiresome,  but  it  will  amply  repay  you 

Ihis  Bridge  18  subject  to  the  action  of  the  spray  ;   care  should 
be  taken  in  crossing  it.    In  the  Winter  of  1852,  a  gentleman  from 
west  Iroy,  N.  Y..  while  f'rnssin»  i^o  t^^^^  +r.„.«^   c^\^  i„i-  xu  . 
rent,  and  was  carried  to  the  verge  of  the  Fall,  where  he  lodged  be- 

34 


th«  American 
Kf  rook,  within 
ienco  from  the 
ira  is  always  a 
he  rock,  within 
J  Klol»e  where  a 
rwo,  and  Hame- 

ater  appears  to 
5  3tt. 


long  the  bank 
the  land  has 
1847.  Within 
I  length  have 
above  and  in 
id  out  to  the 
ly  repay  you. 
care  should 
itleman  from 
into  the  cur- 
lie  lodged  be- 


ween  two  rcx^kH.  He  was  dim-ovcred  by  two  citizens,  who  rew-ucd 
»nm  by  throwing  outlines,  which  ho  fantcn.,!  aroun<|  his  body 
JUHtin  time  and  was  hauled  in  ahnost  scnsclcHH:  He  remained 
HIK^echlcsH  for  several  IwM.rs  after  being  taken  to  his  hotel 

As  you  stand  inside  the  ircm  rail  and  overlook  the  vast  gulf  !>«. 
low,  you  are  in  the  very  center  of  Niagara. 

The  old  Terrai)in  Tower,  also 
<!alled  Horseshoe  or  Prospect 
Tower,  of   which    we   give  an 

illustration,8tood  on  these  rocks. 
It  was  built  in  1833,  of  stones 
gathered  in   the  vicinity.     A 
round  tower  45  feet  high,  12  feet 
diameter  at  base  and  8  feet  at 
top,  with  a   gallery  near  the 
upper  end— a  rugged  structure 
in  perfect  harmony  with  its  sur- 
roundings.   It  was  blown  up  by 
the  wish  of  a  majority  of  the 
owners    of    the    Goat    Island 
(xroup,  in  1873,  some  pretending 
to  believe  it  unsafe.  Its  destruc- 
tion was  entirely  unnecessary 
and  took  aways    a   charming 
feature  of  Niagara,  which  it  is 
halted  may  soon  be  replaced. 
Table  Rock  which  fell  in  1850, 
was  directly  opposite  on   the 
Canadian  shore. 

From  this  point  one  gets  the 
best  view  of  the  shape  of  the 
Fall,  and  the  clearest  idea  of 

cve  or  the  winiT-  ^°!'  '^  ^^«  ^^^^  modified  by  the 

u      v  action  of  the  water.  This  action 

X   ,V,f  't,*^?'™   "'  ""^  precipice,  stretching  from  th« 
■nf  .     •  ^''""'^    '°   ""^    *""''■■•    ">>""'    12S  feet   long  and 

Fall,  fell  with  a  crash  of  thunder.  The  next  day  another  a  triamr 

|.o.vcr.    Between  the  two  portions  that  had  thus"  fallen,  stood^a 
rectangular  projection,  about  30  feet  long  and  13  feet  wide  exSnd! 

36 


i     I 


Ameriean  Fall  from  below. 


86 


ng  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  precipice      This  ma™ 
loosened  from  the  main  bo<lv  of  the  roclc  and  ^  ^»H  ^ 
pendieularly  about  9  feet,  where  it  2od  for  vf  '^" 

coh,m„  l.,0  feet  high  by  i^: mZl^JZ'^'"'  ""  """^""^ 

onlhalf  of  'it  The^'^^d^""'  *'  ''''"''*™  ™'-    A^-rica  owns 
one  nalt  ot  it.    The  width  is  estimated  at  144  rods     The  deen 

green  color  of  the  water,  ospedally  in  the  angle,  isZpoLd  to  te 

un  el;  rthv '"*'•    '"  r-\''"'  ^"''^'«*"'  "  ™-l  -"-rmned  a 

"s  feet  and  "^nT  T  T"  """^  **"'  °™'-  *>■«  ^''"-    «he  drew 
18  teet,  and  tiled  with  water  as  she  went  through  the  ranids     Z 

she  went  over  the  brink  without  touching,  the  deZ  of  t^e 

water  was  proved  to  be  20  feet.  "^  ^ 

As  you  roach  the  top  of  the  bank,  the  path  directly  in  front  will 

lead  you  through  the  wood  back  to  the  Bridge,  but  you  Z  X 

^^^"  |nu«hifyoutakeit.    Turn- 

ing to  the  right,  you  follow 
the  edge   of  the  bank  for 
about  forty  rods  and  reach 
a  small  stone  monument, 
directly  in  your  path,  mark- 
ed with  a  cross  on  the  top, 
set   by  "the    surveyors  to 
ascertain  if  the  Falls  recede. 
This  is  the  best  point  from 
which  to  get  a  correct  view 
of  the  shape  of  the  Horse- 
shoe Fall. 

Go  on  a  few  feet  further, 
and  soon  the  view  shown 
on  the  following  page, 
bursts  upon  you. 

This,  the  South  side  of 


Terrapln^Tower. 


the  Island,  is  specially  montionable  from  ^0  facl  ihat  it  aff!  °/ 

oTsrpeThr  "'^  '-^'-  «-<^«-  ^^  ™  -hTr!^: 

which  open  up  an  entirely  new  scenp     Ti.cT     "7^^  '")  ^^^^'  ^^^ 

o^tr^fr^-^^^^^^^^^^ 

warmest  da^s  of  I^Tr;  :Hh"etS'C;ier  07^11:^ 
the  cascades  under  the  brideres  formpri  L  fV  "^^^^^enery; 
over  the  ledges  of  rock,  ^.^r^:::^:^,^; :Z:^r^^ 

37 


!       f. 


11 


of  the  great  Falls    ™""""™  '*"«»«'  "^  «■  spray  similar  to  that 
Silttli'rtrberhriS'  "'""^  "  ''•^  ^-^  <"  '"^^^^ 

i^wrf^'by's  'T't:  '^  'r  "f '™"" "«'  ^-"^  ''^  '*-< 


Three  Sisters  from  below 


near  this  spot  on  the  Tslnnri  a«/i  T         ,^^^^^^'    He  had  a  hut 

nowP.«Apa*':^Lth^irtrei"t:^^^^^^ 

it  was  unfrequented,  he  diCted  tl' 1":^ h:  mi^'r  M™ 
lous,  of  danger.    At  thattime.a«.u.i,„f  kA Tl.  ?!'•.'^"°' "Wiv- 

extended  fronr  Terrapin  Bridge  ■eighfi.irt;"::;-;::'';:.:?;^: 

38 


le  continuous 

Goat  Island 

i^enty  feet  in 

imilar  to  that 

of  the  Third 

t  Sister  Island 

sight.    It  is 

Falls,  used  to 


mplished, 
lad  a  hut 
ti  what  is 
any  one, 
ill  manu- 
Lirs  when 
ot  obliv- 
Bs  square 
)recipice. 


On  this  he  has  been  seen  at  all  hours  of  the  night,  pacing  to  and 
fro  »rthout  the  slightest  tremor  of  nerve  or  he  iLc/ of  step 
Sometimes  he  was  seen  sitting  carelessly  on  the  extreme  end  ^f 
the  timber-sometimes  hanging  from  it  by  his  hands  and  feet 

Iwding  this  life  were  never  known.    He  was  drowned  while 

bathing  near  the  foot  of  the  Park  Railway,  in  1831     His  bodv 

was  recovered,  and  is  buried  in  Oakwood  Cemetery,  Najra  F^J 

When  you  get  back  to  Goat  Island,  you  can  return  to  the  BriC 


View  on  First  Sister  Island. 


woods     T.      K    f  ,.  ^  "'"*'  *"'"«'  ^'"•'Kh*  '''"""I  'hrough  the 

y^tlJl"  •  "T'-  '°  ^"  "'"  ""'«•■  "«"«.  »d  to  do  this 
you  turn   to   your   right  and    follow  the   road   directly   East 

Here  one  sees  how  it  was  possible  for  the  island  to  have  LS^d 
wTriT/.'^^'  <■- «  ""  -'-"s  up  between  the  c,™u 
Th.-r  ,'"■'  u""  V       ■  "*''*  "  '"'^"'  "*■  W"'*'-  no'  "ver  four  feet 

befor^theR  M  ^°*\"!^I"'^""'^  '"'  P-P'«  to  visit  the  Island 
before  the  Bridge  was  built. 

w 


rent  on  either  side,  it  i,  a  motM  .i  7\T  '^™"'"  '"'"  "'«  «■■■- 
rougl,,  too  8l,allow  and  trrLTn ''"''""'  "^  "'«  «">*"■■  i«  too 
hi"  lK«t  at  all.  ™'"''  '"  ""»»'  ""e  oamman  to  manaRe 

better  prepared  phyrically  to  enl^lr  '""'"J  ■""■  ""'"' '  ""^  » 

•  the  be«t  view,,  a^  the  sun  isat  "1/,  \^T'  "fu  """^  ""  ^^  ««' 

fles  the  scenery  without  bli  ,2;"  ^^m  ?"*"''""  =*""  «"'"- 

ti'izt  — « '"='*  *■-«  ^■-'-  -'nLT:arh~r;:: 

^ooi^LtTt^K.^fd,''  °s  :ir,^  rh  ^^^  ™"'  -  -'  ^ 

-  water.  Situated  a^t  the  f^^  oTL^  1?" te '"path  rii  i! 


Bridge  to  Third  Sister. 

:meir::;:^Iir''^  ™-""«Kapids  through  thetreesand 

on^::rsidt'a:d:^:h;r:T'',  :'"■  -*  »  horrent  o,  water 
of  the  Islani  in  a  nanulc  urinrri^i  ^  ""'"^P"''"  ••apabilities 
mated.  No  other  known  "t^Tf  "7  '■^"  '""'•'"y  "« "^'i- 
horse-powc-r.  A  eana"  eut  th^o,,  h  f  "'*  '"■'^''  "  "'""ber  of 
dams  on  each  shor  wo  ti  ^t  h  "^"'^'' ^"""^  wings  or 
heretofore.  ""''    P°w«  hardly  dreamt  of 

GeologicaI]y,too,thel8landi»aminp„f.,-  ,rk  ■    -,. 

-"Wing  exactly  the  eo.positio„^a„"dd;°o?rr;:CrSr 


I  in  a  boat, 
ito  the  cur- 
i^ater  is  too 
I  to  manage 

earlier,  the 
rer ;  one  is 
all  you  get 
5  and  glori- 
)rtant,  it  is 
seen  from 

you  get  a 

spring  of 

h  to  it  is 


ees  and 

f  water 
bilities 
be  esti- 
iber  of 
ings  or 
imt  of 

rn  cliff 
shores 


show  the  action  of  the  water   «n^  \ 

while  beneath  its  trees  and  nWUd  Z  •  *^'  '"'"^^«  ^^  '^^  P^^, 
aHuvial  deposit  by  which  gelSlT  ''''""'  "^'  ''''  «^«"«  ««d 
wlnle  Niagara  was^nmingC^^^^^^^^  *^^^  -^-  ago. 

location,  the  whole  of  the  enti  e ^.^2  f  'f "  *^  '^'  i^^^«*^"^ 
submerged,  the  Niagara  River  be  nt!i  !  ""  ""^  ""'^^^  ''^' 
shallow  stream.  ^'"^  ^  ^''"^^^  ^^^  comparatively 

~page,asl^^-r^r^^^ 


view  from  Third  Sister. 


and  animal  life  that  are  fnnV.  i      Ju  Petrefactions,  of  leaves 

the  vegetable  l^Z  X;i',t"'  ''^  "°'<'"^'  °^  '"«  '>-'-^-  "'' 

near  the  le,l.e.  about'  iVo  fS  ifn?'- ^r'ltt ''''*^''';"-"  """"-  ' 
of  l,a,.d  „to„e,  „.„,„,  b-,„e«tone;;,!;tet;i  "aH.'"'""''  '■'""'•""^■'' 

41 


It  18  covered  with  a  grand  old  "  forest  primeval,"  containing 
many  trees  now  withered  and  decayed,  but  which  have  stood  sen- 
tinel  over  this  scene  for  hundreds  of  years.  This  is  an  almost 
unique  bit  of  virgin  forest,  and  it  has  been  the  policy  and  pride  of 
Its  owners  to  thus  preserve  it.  In  Winter,  these  trees  are  the  roost- 
mg  places  of  the  crows,  who  come  here  nightly  and  in  thousands 
from  all  over  this  section  of  the  country 

No  sportsman  is  allowed  to  carry  a  gun  on  this  Island,  as  it 
would  endanger  the  lives  of  those  who  are  promenading  through 
It.    The  cottage  near  the  Bridge  is  the  only  dwelling  on  the  Island 

fh.M  T  '^^^^^^"^^  resortandstudy  of  botanists,  whodeclare 
that  they  have  found  on  it  c' .  :  o  ditterent  specie,  and  kinds  of 
plants  and  trees.    It  is  also  s..  '  it  contains  a  greater  number 

of  valuable  species  of  the  veget;...e  kingdom  than  the  same  area 
in  any  explored  portion  of  the  world. 

^The  scenery  from  the  Island  by  moonlight  is  a  rare  sight,  and 
should  be  enjoyed  by  all  who  have  an  opportunity  to  thus  visit  it 

In  Winter   the  Island  scenery  is  magnificent,  for  no  matter' 
which  way  the  wind  blows,  the  spray  reaches  some  part  of  the 
forest  where  it  congeals  on  every  twig  and  limb,  in  that  glittering 
Sheen,  and  that  glorious  ice  foliage,  which  is  unmatched  elsewhere 

Taking  the  Goat  Island  Group  as  a  whole,  it  may  be  said  that 
^hey  essentially  form  what  is  understood  as  "  Niagara  FallsJ'  as  they 
?idjoin  bothcataracts,  and  afford  all  the  most  desirable  views  here. 

PROSPECT   PARK. 

Next^in  order  comes  this  well  known  property,  now  embracing 
some  12  acres,  and  owned  by  the  Prospect  Park  Co  The  land 
Hdjoms  the  American  Fall,  with  a  frontage  above  the  Fall  of  some 
4U0  feet,  and  along  the  gorge  a  still  longer  frontage. 

It  comprises  what  was  known 
as  the  old  ferry,  which  was  pri- 
vate property,  and  which  used 
to  be  free  to  all,  but  in  1872,  this 
company  purchased,  enlarged 
and  improved  it,  and  charged 
admission.  From  time  to  time, 
adjoining  lands  have  been  ad- 
ded, till  it  now  embraces  all  the 
land  between  Canal  street  and 
the  River,  extending  from  Rap- 
Ids  street  to  the  New  Suspen- 
sion Bridge. 

42 


Entrance  to  Prospect  Park. 


containing 
*^e  stood  sen- 
3  an  almost 
and  pride  of 
re  the  roost- 
ti  thousands 

sland,  as  it 
ng  through 
1  the  Island 
who  declare 
nd  kinds  of 
ter  number 
same  area 

sight,  and 
lius  visit  it . 
no  matter 
art  of  the 
t  glittering 
elsewhere. 
■  said  that 
Us,''  as  they 
'lews  here. 

embracing 

The  land 

ill  of  some 

vas  known 
:h  was  pri- 
hich  used 
I  1872,  this 
enlarged 
d  charged 
»e  to  time, 
*  been  ad- 
ces  all  the 
Jtreet  and 
'rom  Rap- 
V  Suspen- 


43 


Its  Main  Eiitran,*  i»  a  tastv  rtn.,-t„re   at  tho  foot  nf  <■        , 
Mi-eet,  and  is  here  nortr«TO,l      t.  T    ,  .  '  of  (awail 

brink  of  the  Falh  hS'lv         Tp"  "'  '""''  "'  "'«'  '^''s"  "'"l 

View,  Which  i^^::^/z'^'::i^r'r''"^"'':r """ 

A>y  some  dOO  stairs,  or  bpff^pr  Hf ill  ;«  „  .        ^ 

n.ilway,wede»cend;>h    waet  ;,:^''"^^ 
lowered  by  water  power,  „y  trs  o^;,  Wntl  S^S^TeW' 
rnnning  around  and  over  steel  wheels     AttLTt    ,  .,       '""*^ 
way  are  the  dressing  ro,jms  for  thtlo:!         ,  !f    "^  "'"  ""'''"- 

wint.r  »  K  "•"•™''™  B"d8'*  "nd  the  roclcs  near  by  isformrd  eaA 

;":  iiuferro?^;^  ^^it:'  ->''*<•- not  entirXr 

hiBh  ■  On  the  ton,  f  *.^  ■,;  °^  mountain  has  been  100  feet 

o^^n  fo™  4  fe^rrh/ek^  "^'"'"""^^^  ^^^  "--«  -,n  too,  the  ice 

itZ  "'■";''•  *f"™'">'  »  ^own  on  opposite  page. 

ricfe\fpTern  ::^'2^  t^^f  d"^  ^"'""f  ""'^  "- 

frrand,  in  fact  the  view  f™„  the  el  e.    fT"'-  "'"'  '"'  """^  '« 

the  American  Fall  is  leZ  1     n      /.    "  """  """*  "PP"*'"* 
^^^^^=,-1  should  not  be  missed. 

The  annexed  view  is  the  one 

seen  as  the  boat  lands  at  its  Can- 

^-^^1^    adadock.  There  has  been  a  ferry 

^^^^  here  for  75  years,  and  no  acci- 

''^  dent  has  ever  happened. 

On  the  table-land  above,  which 
forms  the  Park  proper,  every  aid 
of  science  has  been  used  in  pre- 
paring the  means  of  passing  time 
pleasantly,  a  handsome  Art  Gal- 
lery and  Pavilion  have  been 
erected,  while  the  beautiful  Elec- 
tric Light,  thrown  through  white 
and  colored  glasses  upon  dancing 


Horseshoe  Kails. 


foot  of  Cawad 
t  the  t!(lge  and 
iiimandH  a  fino 
ivein  illustra- 
mo  stone  wall 
rge. 

on  an  inclined 
are  raised  anfl 
300  feet  long 
of  the  stair- 
Roek,  as  the 
le  end  of  the 
far  as  his  in- 

from  which, 
3ee  the  Falls 
cane  Bridge, 
ne  can  get  a 
ts  base, 
formed  each 
entirely  dis- 
)een  100  feet 
n  too,  the  ice 

;e. 

)w  boats  the 
the  view  is 
nd  opposite 

is  the  one 
s  at  its  Can- 
been  a  ferry 
id  no  acci- 
ed. 

)ove,  which 
',  every  aid 
sed  in  pre- 
assing  time 
le  Art  Gal- 
lave  been 
Jtiful  Elec- 
)ugh  white 
>n  dancing 


i-s 


I 


Viinv  of  Observatory. 

45 


46 


fountains  of  water,  and  called  tho  Electric  Fnnnfoi      ^ 
a  magical  effect  seldom  witneJpd     %u       *^'*""**^'«'  i^ve  at  night 
each  evening  by  the  irtricrit  Jh     ^'T^'  *'"  illuminated 
Fall  and  Kapids  are  a2  m^ w'^T  i'uJ  ^^«*  ^'^  *^«  ^°»«"«»n 
Of  artificial  Ls  I^  tht^alu^l^^^^^^^^^  f «  -"It 

enjoyable  park,  and  a.  such  well  worth  a  vtit      The  o^  ""1 
the  Company  are,  H.  Nielson,  President  ^d  D  J^^  f 

Secretary  and  Treasurer.  *  "^^  ^owcsend, 

The  chaises  for  admission  to  the  park  are    For  f  h«  a.    ok 
including  railway  50  rpnf^ .  f«,  *u    a  , *      '  *"®  ^^^t  ^5  cents  ; 

for  the  evening-^ter^^^^^^^ 
feny,  60  cents  ^^'^^  ''^*''  ^«°^  »»id  return  by 

tin^e  Jumped  fnto't^rirr^^^^^^^^^ 

out.   He  was  swept  downward  anH^i!!     ^         ^**®'  ^''^  ^^^^^ 

hewaslostjbutLutsTfeeifro^^^^^^^ 

feet  from  shore  he  suor^Pri;7,-        .!•       ^^' **"**  while  about  60 

.uM„7e  zr^  et.-:^  r,ef -;:5  ate-  ""--'^ 

NEW  SUSPENSION   BRIDGE. 

were  carried  over  on  the  W  r^^j  '  if.  *•  ™«  ^^^  fopes 
bridge  suspended  s;!'"*^..',"'''''.'"'"'  *"«  '™«^' 
^^™  .  .ho.  end  oAhe  oehl^-U^^I^'^tir.  ^aZ 

Height  of  bridge  a™rwX^90  fl  n  ""^  *"''  "'  "»«  *»""»■ 
13  times  aa  m„*ch  asTnCnvTrm^L  *• "  ""S""*  °'  "=^»'' 
upon  it.  I,«  towem  are  IM  feet  h"^ '?;='""*"r  "^  P'"*" 
each  way,  25  cento  *''•    ^'■'S<»:  Each  person, 

one  geto  „„f  „,  the  blti'^ I  tl'Z:"".-'!  *^  Clifton  Hoie,' 
though  personally  we  prefer' thrX'"'  "^  '""^'"'"i  of  Miagara. 
edgeoftheKans,^avie:o?;htrgivtrnX;''  "*"  "'* 


48 


a 

O 

3 
o 


TAIILK    HOCK. 

Cannula  Hide,  ubou't  10  ro.rsti   w  ti.e  ^t^  '''","'  "'"  '"'"^  «"  ^''^ 

Tlu.fnrm  an<l  di>n(.„.sio„H  of 
ruble  Ho..k  woro  originally  vorv 
'argcM,„tth.yw(.recl,an^^.dby 

to  40  feet  ,n  width.     Deee.nber 
•M8-«,  three  unmense  portions,    ' 

^alJ,foll  "withashoek  liko  an 
oanhnuake."  In  the  sun.nt  o" 
182^,  another  lart^en.asH  fell  oft- 
•;»«I.Iuno  2f5,  1850.  a  pieee  200 
[J'et  lon^r  and  (JO  feet  deep  fell 
»'o  last  pieeeof  the  table.   Th(»se' 

whow,.shtogoun<lertheHo,^e- 
«ho..  F„„  ean  descencl  a  roa<l  c„t 

the  bank.  Dresses  can  be  pro- 
""^>'l  and  guides  obtainec  to 
pass  nn<ler  Table  Roek.    As<.er- 

J;|||iliik^    .   "^^  "'^^^  ^''G  to  be  no  extras 
illijf^'     before  starting  ""  extras, 

It  was  on  Table  Kock  that  Mrs 
Sigonrney    wrote    her    spiri.ed' 

Apo.strophe  to  Niagara.  Standing 
just  where  it  pours  over,  a  grander  of  .1  '  ^''^"  ^^  *'^^  ^^te'", 

well  be  imagined.  JJelow  lies  the  n[  ''  •''"P"'^'"^  ^'^'^'^  canno 
seething  after  the  plunge!  and  fo"  ^T^T  ""'""^  '^«"'"«  -^' 

bane  ofthe  Falls,  as  whit;  as  milk  X^.n  "'?'^  '^""^  ^^^""  «>« 
r  ,  ">:  '""I'll  >■""  and  in  (he  mM.ll,. ,  r  Vi  ""  ™P"l»"ishing 
feeh  l,ie  own  littleness  and  de^^nd^e  ""■™">''in««  ".an 

40 


point  wo  have  jLtdescribedlthe. St  """•"'*  ""'"''  "■" 

BURNING  SPRINGS. 

for  about  a  „i,e,  withll^rn^^i^^^^T.^tll'.r    7'"' 

by   beautiful    Sus- 
pension   Bridges 
erected    in    1878. 
Tfie    scenery  here 
is  grand,  each  turn 
bringing    you    to 
some  new  feature 
or   bit  of  nature; 
but  the   main  at- 
traction   is  the 
Burning    Spring, 
which   is    on    the 
edge  of  the  River 
and  where  the  cur- 

water  otheZrtht,rrT°f'''"  «'«"*  ^f'"'-  ^he 
gaa  and  when  iromfta^tfetu^'tlT^T'''''"''"'^  '■^<'™8™ 
exhibited  in  a  darkened  rtn  t  etot  L  T  ™'™'  '"i  "'^'^  '^ 
about  4  feet  in  height.     oZe,  of  H^»  ™"'  "P  "■""''  '" 

to  visitors  and  are  said  to  ,i/  '"'"'°"''  '^'"<"'  "«  «''<"• 

This  Spring  consul  of  a  i^r. ''"''''  '™''''^'"'"    I'^P^rties. 

appearance  of  the  fiamP  if  t  ^'*^\"S^^'«o  «hown.  From  the 
InrL  „«.,  ,.„,!._.;''  "''!"^.  .'^  w«»^^l  be  just  lo  sunnoso  th.f 
—  E,-    «i.^i    viuiuiuic  coal  lieids  exi^t  nnri«,.  *i  •  •  ■  

at  some  future   time   the   „7..,!^;^""1"'  5'"!  '"■"1"'''>';  =»'<» 


natural 

50 


forces  of  the  current'  may 


be  used  to  develop 
that  interest. 

The  admission 
to  the  whole  is 
50   cents. 

On  the  bank 
above,  near  tliis 
spot,  July  5,  1814, 
waa  fouglit  the  bat- 
tle of  Chippewa. 

We  append  two 
cuts  of  the  bridges 

and  scenery  about 

these    beautiful 

Islands.  ,„ 

^'-'^^  Island  and  Pagoda. 
T,   .    .  WHIBLPOOL,  CANADA  SIDE. 

iJnving  back  along  the  edtre  of  fho  i?- 
'^ion  Bridge,  and  2  miles  n^fafon^T^f'  ^^'^  *^^  NewSuspen- 
the  Whirlpool,Canada s  dr>^,f,f,tf  r  1^\"' '^^  ^^"«'' ^^  --^* 
From  here  one  looks  down^nt      ,    v^^'^'f ''^'  boiling  maelstrom, 
aw^y  from  him  winds  tl^N-Xlr^  ^*"^^  ^'^^'^"^ 

beyond.  You  can  descend  bv^t  1'"  ^^'^  ^"  ^^^'^^  ^^^tario 
frrand  views,  both  of  the  Ranidri%h  ^'-^t^rs  edge,  obtaining 
and  a  so  of  this  wonder/ul  basfntts^f '^^^  '''^'  ^^"  Whirlpool 
"ment  is  visible  on  a  clear  dav  1^5*  •'"''"'  ^^^^  ^^^^^'s  Mon- 
We  present  on  follovv^ng  ,1;  Admission,  50  cents. 

wh^^;::;::^,;;fto^^^::V!;^p^^«-^^^^^^^^  ^^idgo,  ■. 

«i<le).  It  comprises  the  na^,ra^^n.Ty'^T\^^i^"'^^  ^^^^"^  (^^^"ada 
at  this  point,  are  250  feet  l"te^^^^^^^^^  "  ^'^  ''''''''  ^»^^^'^'' 
cliff,  which  follows  the  cou  te  of  fho  •  ^  '''^*^  ''^^  *^^^  ^aso  of  the 
ted  from  the  rock.    In        '  ./ ^^^'^^  ^as  been  excava- 

;lelightfully  cool  and  shady  rerrcnrn'^^i.^:*™"^"^  "»«  ^«  ^  »^"«t 
tection  from  the  rays  of  the  snn  '    i%'^\u  ^•^''"""f^^a  natural  pro- 
of th.    Hwift-rolling^waters  enr;or      '  **""  i^^mediato  presence 
"loans  of  access  to  the  ^10^?^^^^^^      ^'"'"""'^^  ^'"^'»^'««-    ^w^ 
a  series  of  steps  forming  rion^flS  T  ^''^'''^*^"^^'  *''^  ^^^^  ''cing 
unique  inclined  railwry^ptSiS,       ^'^^'•«' .^^^^  ^^'^  other  a 
J^'ravity  of  water  in  the  t^nv!  "fi^.T  '"""^Z,'^'  '^^  ^''^'  ^I^^'««^* 
at  ti,e  top  of  the  cliff  and  emnti.rr"   n"      ''^''  ""'''^  *"'"'"»  a  spring 
foot  of  the  incline.    T^\^^^^  ,""  *^'!  '^.^"^«'  "^  ^he  cars  at  the 

the  loaded  car  from  abori"  .g^hr^ tii:  ""'^'  ^"  '^  """"^-' 

'^lui^^me  motive  power  used  to  hoist 


i     I 


the  lighter  car  from  below.    The  visit  to  fhi«  p    i,  •     ,    , 

way,  costs  50  cents.    Nowhere  else   .L  '/"'^"^^"^' '^^^- 

the  enormous  power  of  the  K^lr         w      "'^   I^^^-^^f't  an  idea  of 

the  narrow  dehL;the  waterl  Ire  t^ts  Jtf '  f  ^'^"^'  "'^^"^'^ 
to  make  it  leap  in  somt  nif  *  l  T^*'  ''"'^'^  restriction,  as 
Hur^es  of  the  Xeam  b2~/'  ^^^f '  «^  ^^  ^^^t'  ^^e  rolling 
in  a  storm.  "^  """^""^  «^"^^^^^  *«  "^o«e  of  the  ocean 


View  from.  Whirlpool,  Cauarta  Side. 

with  0.e  Kapiit  the  bXIrfr  '""  ''""  ''"  l"'»tofc™I'hed 

OLD  SUSPENSIOxX   BRIDGE. 

abcv.,  it^  „,■,,.„  „„,.;,,'     ^  f'^'lu"!.',  an,Is,,a„„.23n  f,.rf 

68 


irk,  including  rail- 
[)erfect  an  idea  of 
Hushing  through 
ich  restriction,  as 
5  feet,  the  rolling 
fiose  of  the  ocean 


me  dogs,  after- 
^  from  starva- 
is  also  well  to 
II  hie  arrange- 
photographed 
ingoneofthe 


'  call  the  Old 
3i)ans,  230  feet 
on  the  glohe, 
3  an  hour.    It 


irrLSf  ind  ':ZZ:^:r^^^^  ^-  ^T^^  ^^^  -  ^elow  for 
and  cost  $500,000  iTwas  built  .n  T  T'^  ^'  '  ^'"'''^  ^'^"^^^^^^^ 
Roebling,  and  finishedTn  1858       ''"'  '"'  -i— tendence  of  J.  A. 

The  following  are  the  dimensions  : 
Length  of  span, 
Height  of  tower  above  rock,  American  side,     .      ' 

„  ,^  "     Canada  side,  . 

„      ,        ^    .  "        floor  of  railway. 

Number  of  wire  cables,         .  ^'  • 

Diameter  of  each  cable' 

Number  of  No.  9  wires'in  each  cable 

Ultimate  aggregate  strength  of  cables,  .  .     '  ^ ,  ^^ 

It  is  regarded  as  a  great  triumph  of  engineering  skill     iio^niT! 
of  wire  are  employed  in  the  4  cables.    Ihe  first'string  wl^ed 


<( 


« 


822  feet. 

88    " 
78 
60 
4 

m  in. 
3,659 
12,400  tons 


Whirlpool  Rapids,  Canada  Hide. 

across  the  chasm  by  means  of  a  kite  nnri  th^    u       • 

WHIRLPOOL    RAPIDS,    AMERICAN   SIDE. 

fron,  U.eCuna,la  J  tl.rhave    n  tt'lf     ^  'T"^'    '^™ 
walks  »n.i  ,,„)..„,,,        '!     ,      "  ■"'  ""-  ai'>  •TitaKes  of  cool,  shady 

wannest  pS^'^;U,fC'^ut  ^'^  ^"f ""  "'  ^'^  ^""  "^  ^^- 

they  have  a  oenilW    i       '    .^^"V    '''^"  ^'*'*"' "^^  ^^'"e"^"^"  «i'Je 

y  a  peculiar  charm  in  the  fierce  glint  of  the  sunlight 


I!  r 


I  I 


S] 


it! 
as 
m 


iia 


eflec 
opin 
tone 
eithc 


Wl 
■     ]>as8  < 


to 


|)a 


llie  F 


02 
O 


inm^ 


^ 


illuminating  the  crests  cf  the  fli^od  ami  in  fi,^ 

rolling  river  allows  vi  1^'^^  el;  1/ In  """"■  "''''"™"^  "' "'« 

as  to  recall  vividiv  .,":",''''"*'' ''<'t*«™  t'lo  natural  forces 

"Mai.lof  the  Mi„t"  „„<,er  t^^cln  '„  '   f  c:  ft  tZ'r'' 
navgated  t.,.  Rapid,  and  paase,l  safel,,  b„t  ,/ot':!  .o  ,t  ^^^ 


Wliirlpool  Ra,,i,i,,  Anieri,..,,  SM 


THE    WiriKLPOOL. 

i  '■  -  '-  •«  r  ine  I'alls  uverv  Jioiir  nnrl  fKof  ^u.-.. ,..,     ...     .  •'"  ^ 

M'lantity  IS  compelled 


tlie  Falls,  wliere  the 


steep  cliffs  to  a  point  about  2  miles 


distant  from 


course  of  .l^e  river  t„r„s  abruptly  at'anangi 


commotion  in  ife "X  be"  ""  *"■""  ■""«'  "''"^  "  ft-'Tul 

to  40  feet.     It  is  a8aiiin»l.i«  .1,     I^^  '°  *  '""8'"  of  from  10 

spectacle  of  c^ntenW^atn™  t^'  "Tr"""""  "»»"•<'" 

ing  from  the  P.1U  proper  1™/?' T*"^"° *'''»■    ^o^^nd- 

nver  «„ed  by  the  CZ  he  "  Fat  r^f  wl'^"  .'""^"''  *»"» 

checked  by  its  rock-bound  barrier  ,«Ll/i,T'^'    ""  ^''''""'y 

passage  arround  the  pool  from  wM^T  f         """'^  "  "^^^^ 

having  made  the  entirrdre^tldont  !' ^""  ««<»P«  only  after 

over  and  under  the  everJSi^"!^ '^„^" ''^  •>--«  th™„,h, 

uary  of  the  channel  proper  ""cession  of  waters  in  the  est- 

thrrdrr^Li;3::;::r;rd  idrrt ""-  "r  ^^  '-^^-o 

the  statement  that  it  reve'rTth  u":  o  drof^hf'""'"  """' 
the  axiom  says,  "  water  finds  its  ownlevel  "  H  T  ™  "''''''' 
level,  but  is  forced  and  sustained  iv^i',  """  "'"^■"  «■"•«  "o 
pool  being  actually  the  s^rt  o'a  eWe     "'  ""'  ''^'^  "'  "■« 

At  the  outlet  of  the  Whirlnnni  fT.«    •     '  . 
and  a  strong  man  can  tCw  a  stone  froT'  "  ""'/  ''  "^^  ""''«'. 
The  Whirlpool  is  a  vast  b^in  J^TJT  T  ''*"°"  '"  «>«  "ther. 
tioned  opening  at  righ  anZ  wUhT      *"'  "'"> »»  "'-P™Po'- 
is  to  the  rightL  you  have  your  blckt  TV"^^" '  ^'^  '"^"'"g 
tively  narrow.    The  pooUsXtfn  „„*"•!''' ""'' "  """P^" 
mentioned,  by  rocky  cliflsjSlw  T-  f  ^^'  "*"«  ""«  "Peking 
river  a.  qoi^  smooth  afd  ^rp'    diS  "tZ  h '"  ""'"^  '"^ 
this  pool  is  nearly  circular,  and  togeth^  wit?  ,^      "  containing 
very  picturesque  scene     But  «^TT  ""*  "**«'  ''"""s « 

acknowledged  that  many  are  dTsan  J^!  f"  i*^'^  "  ""■«'  be 
The  outlet  seems  inadeqLte  but  hT  "'"'  ""  «PPearance. 

years.  The  old  outlet  as  Soil- '^^'^  T"""'^  ^"^  thousands  of 
almost  opposite  to  whC  t^'X?  »'«"»'.■«  »""  to  be  tn^ed 
trace  of  what  once  was  all  tZ,,'?'^  .'"V  "  '^  «"»P'y  "-e 
Lake  Ontario  and  overLrT  ^  l  *^  '"""'  *«  ""^  «>"  to 
location.  In  bygone  agesThLh'  '"  *'  ''o^'  "f  "«  P^sent 
Jeptb  of  the  wlirrpoTi  'eno^r  ZT^  '''''^    ^^^ 

mmense    "  is  boiling  and  eddyin^ncerlttT  '."'^  ""'^""" 
long  are  drawn  into  eddvx  «„aL  a  '™*^*""i"y-   Logs  twenty  feet 

r^    Its  wate.  retit:  ZlZl'^Cll'jl  f  "^  '"<«  «"ip's 
">n..cssomeUmes«„ati„the  waiter  fortwoonhre-XS 


se  who  have  never 
U8t  cause  a  fearful 

id  in  these  narrow 
height  of  from  30 
lot  afford  another 

0  this.  Descend- 
less  torrent,  this 
ers,"  is  suddenly 
«ake  a  ceaseless 
scape  only  after 
passing  through, 
aters  in  the  est- 

terbe  imagined 
'  obtained  from 
hings  in  which 
3  water  finds  no 
e  suTface  of  the 

^  25  rods  across, 
>n  to  the  other. 

1  an  ill-propor- 
> ;  this  opening 
nd  is  compara- 
7e  the  opening 
ies  facing  the 
sin  containing 
water  forms  a 
ff  it  must  be 
s  appearance. 

thousands  of 

to  be  traced 
is  simply  the 
'■  river  ran  to 
>f  its  present 
lied  up.    The 

and  suction 
fs  twenty  feet 
d  like  ship's 
never  quiet, 
onths  before 


Uiey  are  drawn  into  just  the  right  e<ldy  whence  to  find  the  outlet 
which  18  at  right  angles  with  the  entrance  ' 

The  land  adjoining  the  Whirli>ool  on  the  American  side  i« 

firstrt'edtl';r^^  ""^'-'^^^^  erbhshmen 

nrst  started  by  the  liberality  of  Judge  De  Veaux  in  1855. 

The  college  is  one  of  the  finest  institutions  of  ite  class  on  thin 
continent,  and  is  shown  to  visitors  on  applicaW  Tom  i 
grounds  a  z.gzag  path  permits  a  near  inspection  of  the  ^tv 
flood  as  It  passes  through  the  pool,  for  a  remuneration   gSo 
the  funds  of  the  college,  of  50  cents.  '  ^    ^ 

As  a  large  sum  of  money  has  been  expended  in  the  effort  to 

SZer:  If^Z  1  ^'^''''r  r  ^^^^'^^"^''  obviatin Xtl  1 
aan^ers  of  falling  from  such  a  height  or  of  descending  to  the  river 
edge  the  charge  ought  properly  to  be  regarded  as  of  Httl^  accoTnt 


57 


NEIGHBORING  POINTS 


OF  INTEREST 


C:.?:riiroi':: -'Xr  "-v^  "»"»"^  -■'  -y 

tl.e  i  alls  Of  ,1,„  ,,,.„id„  „,  ,r„?   ■''",f'°'»  »i.ieh  the  l,e«t  vieu.  ,ff 

But  the  Falb  ,,re  „  the  clt!   r      •^'"  '■'"  ''"  "htained. 

»hall  aow  note  a,,  th:^^^ mf '"i;,';?:™'"''^,'"''"''''^'''-'  "« 

^  Krtioh  have  either  a  hstoLo  "  "■'"'""  "'  "l"""  -'0 

We  shall  tiret  take  the  aZ2      I    f '"""ercial  ii.terest. 

«>.";-coto  it«  mouth,  an. IgUeTer,,,"'  ?''."''' ^'vor,  from  its 
»"«.  each  place,  and  we  ,hln  .1  " "'"^  in-Wents  connected 

the  Canadian  siie.  •"'  "'™  '"•"'■•"''J  "•  «  "ke  n,anner  wUh 

!..,«.  1         ,  ^MEKK-AN    SIDE. 

.  ^I'ffaH  at  the  source  Off  ho  p; 

.  "■  P^nt  of  populatio  ,  ,rt  "h  i^'S"  '"^i""  '«y  "f  the  Union 

the  Western  tenninus  of  X    ,'?*''", '*''*"•    '' '«  f-mous  a« 

I^aatern  port  oflake  navittion/;''      ••.'""'  "'-^  "«  'he  cl,ief 

from  the  Falls.  •'"Wtion    It  ,8  atuated  ahout  22  miles 

Sm^vth^f  V*' *'"'""•'' "fBuflalo,  where  in  IKi-r       .. 
»niyth,  of  V,i:gi„ia,  collected  ahout  ^<,.T  "  ^""^  Alexander 

h«  bombastic  circular,  askinVllCetT  '"f,"'  """'  ™^P"'"le<i  to 
*are  in  the  danger  and  glory  of  ^/i'"  ""i  """""''"""•"■•  "-"i 
ever  came  of  the  matter;  there  „as  """"""f  ^'"""'a.  Nothing 
disbanded.  ""'•  ™«  "o  invasion,  and  the  force  was 

Grand  Island  distnnf  a       i 
;»d  3  miles  at'th'XV':'nd%:!  ""/"""■  ™"  ^™"  Buffalo 
engt  1,  and  7  in  breadth     Tht    "Z       "f  '}?,"''  '»  '"  ""'-  '" 
s  under  cultivation.    It  was  it  W„    '*"''''"''  ""<'  "">eh  of  it 
the  late  Major  Mordeca  M  Ntr  of  n""™' '  ""  ""'  I'^nd,  tha 
the  "City  of  Ararat,"  as  a  ,,  ace  ifrtf       .  ^"''''  '^"'''l^"'"^  to  built 
fci-ael.    In  1825,  he  even  w„r;'!fff,"'««'=attered  tribes  o 
«;n.d  great  pomp,  and  to  ere^t  f  „™        "^  ">"  <^«™e'-stone 
the  occasion.    The  monument!  sHIiTr™'  '°  """"nemorate 
preservation.  *"'  '^  ^*'"  standing,  in  a  fair  state  of 

^p^irh^itrtreir^'  r  -i  ---  ^-o- 

•'»eof.a.ane,5m,lesabovethefalls,at  the  mouth  Of 


ITEREST. 

simlly  meant  by 
tlie  best  views  of 
obtained, 
territory,  and  we 
us  of  about  20 
•ial  interest. 
^'ncr,  from  its 
Jents  connected 
te  manner  with 


y  of  the  Union 
It  is  /{imous  as 
o  as  tJie  diiof 
^bout  22  miles 

en.  Alexander 

resp(mded  to 

Jn's  honor  and 

*fla.    Nothing 

the  force  was 

from  Buffalo 
i2  miles  in 
d  niuch  of  it 
3  Island,  that 
?ned  to  built 
^red  tribes  of 
corner-stone 
>mmemoratc 
fair  state  of 

'age,  famous 
■ica  or  next 

3  mouth  of 


f'ayufia  Creek,  was  named  after  Chevalier  Robert  de  Iai  Salle,  who 
at  this  point,  in  l(i71),  built  hin  vessel,  the  now  forgotten  (Jriflin. 

At  the  foot  of  (rrand  Island  lies  Huckhorn  Island,  with  an  area 
of  abont  250  acres.  Between  these  two,  and  about  :J  miles  above 
the  Falls,  is  an  arm  of  the  River  called  Burnt  Whip  Bay  from  a 
circumstance  connected  with  the  war  of  1759.  The  garrison  at 
Sfhlosser  had  already  made  a  brave  resistance  to  one  attack  of  tlu; 
English,  and  were  preparing  for  another,  when,  disheartened  by 
thenewsofthefallof  Quebec,  they  decided  to  destroy  the  two 
armed  vessels  containing  their  military  stores.  Accordingly,  they 
brought  them  to  this  bay  and  burnt  them.  Portions  of  the  vessels 
are  visible  under  water  even  at  this  day. 

Just  below  on  the  American  shore,  2  miles  above  the  Falls,  is 
Schlosser    Landing,  the    end    of  tbe    Portage    from    Lewistui. 
This  terminus  was  gradually  fortified  till  it  became  a  fort  called 
F()rt  de  Portage.    This  was  burnt  by  Joncaire  on  his  retreat  in 
1759.    In   1761,  Capt.  Schlosser,  of  the  British  army,  rebuilt  it 
stronger  than  ever.    He  named  it  after  himself  and  died  there. 
Here  in  1837,  the  Steamer  Caroline  was  attacked,  set  on  tire 
and  sent  over  the  Falls.    The  patriot  movement  being  put  down 
in  Canada,  the  leaders  established  themselves  on  Navy  Island. 
Visitors  thereto  being  numerous,  the  Caroline,  a  small  steamer^ 
was  brought  down  from  Buffalo  as  a  private  venture  it  was  be- 
lieved, to  serve  as  a  ferry  or  freight  boat. '  The  Canadians,  think- 
ing the  boat  was  chartered  by  the  patri.^s  for  offensive  operations 
against  Canada,  at  midnight,  December  29,  1837,  dispatched  a 
chosen  band  of  men  under  Capt.  Drew,  in  8  boats,  to  destroy  her. 
As  she  lay  at  Schlosser  dock,  she  was  boarded  by  these  parties. 
Those  on  board,  crew  as  well  as  some  who,  unable  to  get  l>eds  in 
the  little  hotel,  had  got  berths  on  board,  were  attacked.    All  but 
one  escaped  to  shore,  he  being  shot  dead.    The  gallant  band  hav- 
ing thus  succeeded  in  their  attack,  set  the  vessel  on  fire,  towed 
her  out  into  the  stream  and  let  her  drift.    It  was  a  grand  sight. 
A  mass  of  flames,  she  floated  down  the  River  and  entered  *the 
Rapids,  but  before  she  reached  the  head  of  the  Island,  the  water 
conquered  and  extinguished  the  flames.    The  smoke-stack,  it  is 
said,  still  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  River  near  Schlosser. 

The  old  stone  chimney  on  the  river  bank,  1]  miles  above  the 
Falls,  was  built  in  1750,  and  was  the  first  stone  structure  erected 
in  this  part  of  the  country.  It  was  the  chimney  of  the 
barracks  of  the  French  Fort,  called  "Little  Fort,"  which  was 
burnt  by  Joncaire,  when  compelled  to  retreat  in  1759.    It  was  re- 

69 


b'ult  two  years  afterward  as  an      r 

t'himney  now  s^^nwo  •  "  «'Ounct  to  Fort  ^..»,i 

/  "ow  stands  in  excellent  ....«  .  *  ""  '^tnloHser.    THp 

Next  con.es  tj,e  Falln « h...  ^"^^^^'''VHtion.  ^^*^ 

,  'A'^^ree  n„<l  a  luUf  mL  K^r'^'r'  '""•'  <^<'«'-i'^cd  before  ' 


riM   .        ,  Devils  Hole.  "^'•*™**^a8agHg^' 

^nis  chasm  was  cut  h    fi,* 
-nd  aided  natiirallv  bv  A.        ^^''^'''"  continuously  flowin.,  ,•  .     • 
were  at  this  poTn^^  ?f  ^^^  enormous  force  of  theF^r    f  "*''  ^'' 

*«">  killed.    oZ  two  "'"  "^^  «'"^«'  below  ""^  ""^""^ 


'  ^t^WoHser.    The 

'<'  before. 

'^meri(;an8iMe,i8 
*«"»  in  the  hunk 
*vt'rhaiiging  tiiig 
'«  top  of  whicli 
<'  the  "Bloody 
^*'  to  a  bloody 


inginto  it, 
when  they 
etachment 
»e  French 
e  first  in- 
d  wtigons 
50  j)oop]e 
"  "u  nag 

man  (the 


same  who  put  the  Ronta  upon  Coat  Islan.l),  who  spnrred   hi. 
Lome  and  ran  the  «a„ntlet  of  bnllel^  to  a  pl«.«  of  safety 

Ju"  ^"^'■'"'r  '"''"',"  '*''«"-™«''"  '»  7  'nil™  Northe.it  from  the 

talU.    Driven  from  their  original  «eats  in  North  Carolina  this 

r>be  came  Uj  New  Y,.rk  in  1712,  and  became  „,er«ed    n    he  "Z 

™™r;e  t;T"-,  '"  '.""  '-"'""""y  W-.  -t  of  them 
avored  the  Engh«h,  and  part  re.,.aine.l  neutral.    Th.«e  of  the 

lusearoras and  OneidaH  who  had  been  allies  of  the  Englid,    eft 

(mtarioto  the  British  garrison  at  Fort  Niagara.    In  the  Snrinir 
part  of  them  returned  and  part  of  them  took  possesTio    *f  a  S 

ribe  of  the  SIX  nations.  The  Holland  Und  Com,«i,y  gave  h.m 
2  square  mi  es  more,  and  in  1804  sold  thom  .,:,2fl  Le^,  this  foZ 
...g  the  estate  upon  which  the  Tuscaroras  are  now  located.  As  tbe 
home  of  that  anoinoly,  a  civilised  Indian,  it  is  one  of  the  curiosU 
ties  of  this  locality  and  well  worth  a  viit 

The  bluff  or  top  of  the  Mountain,  «  miles  from  the  Falls,  so  geo- 
ogists  U,  1  us,  wa.,  the  old  shore  of  I^ko  Ontario,  a  fact  whTc^ 
eems  to  be  undisputed.    Near  here  are  the  remai™  of  old  Fort 
.rey     Lewiston,  7  miles  below  the  Falls,  was  named  in  honor  of 
Sa  i;  ilT      f '"■  T"*-    " ''  "'  *'"'  '""t  »f  ""=  mountain     li 
inentcment   of  the   Portage   whose   upper  terminus  was  Fort 
S  hlosser,  and  which  passed  over  nearly  the  present  roads,  a  Zl 
of  which  ,s  still  called  the  Portage  Koad.     Up  the   mountS 
side  here  was  built  Oic  iii^t  railroad  in  the  United  States  TZ 
built  entirely  of  wood,  the  rails  being  broad  and  flat.    The  car  ran 
on  runners  instead  of  wheels.    It  was  raised  and  lowered  by  a 
windlass  and  carried  heavy  goods  up  and  down.    It  was  a  rude 
work,  but  answered  its  purpose  perfectly 
14  miles  from  the  Falls  at  the  mouth  of  the  River,  stands  Fort 

fwT'ln';^^''  ;r  V'*!;"*«-l  -  ''  fading  post  b^  La  Salle  in 
1678.  In  1687,  De  Nonville  built  the  fort  proper  for  the  prose- 
cution o  a  war  on  tl-.  Iroquois  in  defense  of  the  Indian  alCof 
he  Western  country.  The  next  year  it  was  abandoned,  but  in 
1825  was  rebuilt  in  stone,  by  the  consent  of  the  IroquoU.    The 

SheF'^'"^''""''"'?""''"'^"-*  '»  "''■>■ -'^^  aft- the 
now  „  TT  It.  ™"?'^.''™-J  "  t"  Sir  William  Johnson.     It  is 

^o-,.  „„„,», n  io^i,  Morgan,  of  anti-masonic  fame,  was  said  to 
have  been  couflned,  and  whence  it  was  claimed  he  was  taken 
to  be  drowned  m  the  lake,  about  a  mile  from  the  Fort. 

61 


I 


P«"".K  them  to  r„i«,  u,;,  „;,;,„'"*•  "'"  """"I'  l*»i«gor«  a„d  .on- 

■My  ■^\  im,  the  .lecM^atX  of  tl';.''    '  7"'  "'  "'«  "■""»•    <>•> 
'■.».la..,l  wa»  f„„gM  here  tl  ,  ,^", "  «"r  l«tween  the  ir,  s.  „,„, 

wou,,rte,l  hein^.|,800,the  A„ericr„  r-  '"'''"  '"  "'"'"'l  ""J 

The  viHuKo  of  Dru  i,mn„      i,   ■  "*  "<•'""""«. 

■  •      the  Ka,,„,  alld  ,,  ir.',:™:'  * ',^ o^f  Tt""".'?'^ '"''»  ^^-'  «"'" 

!■;'  «•  It  i«  a  imn,i«o,„„  «haft  e™l  '  l  7'''"'  "  '""""  ^"'"'^  the 
of  <ienoral  fa«„  jfroek  who  ft  i  f"-"'"'' '"  P'-'n«l"ate  the  ,„en,ory 
wa»  b,  i,  i„  ,,,„_  and  ;:'tft  hi;';,  'th-  '""""'  "■"""-"' 
exi-losiononthenightof  thoI7thof  •,^"  ""^  'k-troyed  1,y 
hy  the  „re»ent  »tr„ft„re  in^Tuh^'^T''""'  ""^  ^^'""-J 
h™.g  40  feet  «,,„arc  and  30  feet  high  Ko '  ,f  '"  )"'?'''■  "'«  "-" 
d.nal  points  of  the  ,,:,m,,^  rest,  n  i  ,•  .'I""'  "^"'"^  the  car- 

}<•'  feet  square  by  10  feet  S  ™™  ",  ir^  """'r  ""  "^l^'ie.slal, 
heads  alternated  by  wreath^  Th  T'i '"  "''"-"''^^^  by  li„„„. 
"«h,  by  30  feot  in  cLu^ffre,™  ,  w  r  '"  T^  *"""•  '«  <■»«' 
feet  m  height,  crrying  in  rehef  ,  Tl^  I  "'""thian  ca|,ital  10 
Over  this  is  a  round  don  e  7 IS  „t  "ft  ""•"  ''°'"^«  '"■  «'"■•■ 
Btatne,  and  can  be  reached  by  ^M  S'  'r''"™"'"''  ''>'  "'""k'" 
interior  of  the  base.  '  ™'  ^'"J'^'  *"-'"'g  from  the       ' 

The  Susjjension  Bridee   tho  .i  •  i 
hereabouts,  *as  at  QueeSlon  hS,  "'it  l'  "'f  '?"'  ^™">uilt 
wae  a  graceful  structure.    A  terrMe  J»l»  t  """"  '"  '^S'-  »■«' 

loosened  its  guys,  leaving  it  a  dTriin  ?  "''  ''^  '''""'"'•y  and 

very  paying  investment,1t;astf2„nr'-    ^  "  *"»"«™- 
Qneenston,  a  small  village  in«f  ii       t> 

-  culled  in  honor  of  C:!"^^:^^""'     "'"'  ''^""^-"*'  -- 

The  village  of  Niagara,  near  the  ruins  of  v    .  .. 
according  to  Marshall,  thkn  -i-v   ^h  ^''''^  ^^°^g«'  ^s  older 

,  -iidji  a,i3  Bfcttiement  on  t^-  •-     ■  ^ 


62 


iiastern  bank. 


c<K'rio,  22inileH 
tlie  AtnuricuiiH 
««t'rH  and  t:oiii- 

ri'uof.'MOucreH, 
'1  i»  tli(.  Itiver 
l>iarterH  of  tlie 

I'uIIh.    In  the 
>attle  of  Chip. 

h^  Viilh.    On 

t'lo  n.  S.  and 

in  killed  and 

i. 

lie  West  thmi 

mond. 

t'H  below  the 

the  memory 
"it  momiment 
lewtroyed  by 
was  rei)laccd 
?l»t,  the  base 
ing  the  oar- 
tlie  iwdestal, 
w  by  lions' 
tone,  75  feet 
1  ea])ital  10 
ess  of  War. 

l>y  Brock's 
?  from  the        * 

ever  built 
n  1857,  and 
adway  and 
as  never  a 

ment,  was 

\  is  older, 
Jrn  bank. 


P3 


a 


cllT'      1  !,   T  ^  "^  '^''^^"'^  °^  *^'«  Lieutenant-Governor  ol 
Canada,  and  the  first  session  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Upi>er  Prov- 
ince was  held  there.    It  is  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Newark 
burned  by  General  McClure  in  1813  i>itwaik, 

C^rl^^^  "'?^  of  the  River,  and  just  below  the  village,  is  old  Fort 
in  f«;rT?'''^  ^I  *^'  Americans-Gen.  Dearborn  commanding 
;^«  I       K     ^««  ^^«*'«ye^  by  Gen.  McClure  the  next  year,  and 
has  never  been  rebuilt. 

Fort  Messissuga,  now  only  used  as  a  Summer  camp,  is  just  below. 

finlp  1  f '  ^^'^  '"^  "'^  ^"*^^  ^^>^'  ^«d  /and  locks  just 

finished,  nms  almost  parallel  with  the  Niagara  River,  8  miles  West 

ADDENDA. 

The  magnetic  declination  at  Niagara  Falls  is  2°  26'  west 
A  new  bridge-the  fifth  one  at  or  near  Niagara-is  in  process 
of  erection    some  300  feet  above  the  present  railroad  bridge 

^:::x'  ^" '"'  ''"""^^^  ^^"-"^^  -' '-  --^  ^-  -"-^. 

Various  estimates  place  the  number  of  years  required  by  the 
Ms  to  have  cut  their  way  from  Lew.ston  to  their  present  locat  on 
at  from  35,(K)0  to  72,000.    The  latter  number  is  prZ>  rbtt  " 

^^:lt'  '"''  ^^'  ^'  ^^^^  ^^^'-^"'"^  limestone  over  which  th^ 

The  Iroquois  was  the  name  given  to  the  confederacy  of  tribes 
which  ban<led  together  against  their  enemies.  These  tribes  were 
originally  five  in  number,  and  were  known  as  the  FivlNation 

1  '12  treX""""'"'  ''""^'''^^^^'  ^'^'^"^'^^  --^  Mohawk  In 
T  ,  *'^!j"«f  ^«^^«  we^-^  included,  making  the  Six  Nations 
To-day,  though  stripped  of  their  lands  and  poorer,  they  ret  ,' 
their  organization,  and  keep  up  their  rites  and  ceremonies     Th^ 

rn  Sr  t?:- ""  •  ^'T  '^'^  '^"""'^"^'  ^-^  beeuLfoved 
irom  Oneida,  their  original  seat,  to  Tonawanda. 


««> 


SUGGESTIONS  TO   VISITORS. 

These  constitute  Niagara  Pnll  o,.^  •* 

ean  see  everything  named  a»t'^  °'"^ '"'''^'''»»'' "-ink  you 
you  eome  to  see  N^Xll^ZiZ  "'  "  '"'^  -"l^'^e.  If 
lect  from  the  outside  plLesanvfh  ''',"">'  ""*■"  fl-^*.  "'«■•  «»- 

to  spend  a  week  here,  and  oSl^'f"  ''"-^o-  If  yottare«„i„g 
N-a^ara,  one  should  stay  thattn<r \  °  "'*'"'"™*"  """  "nderstaud 
or  three  points.  Visit  tl^m  7?,'  ''  ?  "'°"°"  «<'''«'  «<>  "'o  two 
them.  Take  in  one  ef  the  If;  f,  ^"'}-  """""  P'^'^  »'  «'"e  at 
ing  you  will  appreciate  tt„°\,l  a^  f"':  l'"™  ""^  ''''y-  By  .o  do- 
■  you  have  been  beaten  out  of  vonr  ^  ""' «"  """>'  f<"^««K  "-at 
a  very  expensive  plaee  '^         '"""y-  °'" """  Niagara  is  sueh 

•  Al:  sr;ht:t  :^:„'di  •'"'^^^^''  «•«  ^^"^  '^- 

'oundinR  country  he  w^l|  ,1 1,     ,    '"'  """^ons  into  the  sur- 
■'•>t>.e  should  <li«tinc%  ill'rsZuhT:,"'  '"'  '™  «™'-i»'«' 
but  the  country  about  ti  FalT  2t  1 '  .    ''  '"'  ""'  *«  *'^"^' 
necessary,  for  him  ^,,0  come  si'mS^^?""*  »■;'' P^^'-^ant,  but  no 
Niagara,  to  visit.  '""P'^  *°  "««■  thegreat  wonder  of 

P'^tln  theTou°n?ry*  n  toft?"'  ""'•ir''^  "«  *-»P  -"t  any 
a  much  cheaper  rate  The  VrnTTl"  *"  """'«  "  "a-^ain  It 
affairs  a«  they  exist  at  tl^  FaUr  "!,  ^  T"  "'°  """  ''""'  "' 
K-ven,  namely,_excessive  ton,  1m  ""*  .'''^*°'^«>  »"«  dually 
prices,  etc.,  etc.-is  an  en^rm:  L  o.t*'''  r'^'"  '""'  """^^O"™ 
of  n,oney  in  a  day,  but,  on  the  Xr  ha^d  n™"  ''*""  "  '""^^  ^^ 

oxt:SLt:r::rZ;^---~e  terms  given  to 

.^-■«->oy.:ut  rtr:;,r  ;■;  ""•^"■•-^  ">  ^^••"--"«.  -- 


?s. 


,  and  in  con- 
n't  think  you 
expense.    If 
first,  then  se- 
von  are  ^oing 
I  understand 
»t  to  the  two 
'Y  of  time  at 
•    %  so  do- 
feeh'ng  that 
a:ara  is  such 

Falls  them- 
nto  the  sur- 
excursions 
't  the  Falls, 
nt,  but  not 
wonder  of 

pas  at  any 
bargain  at 
»1  state  of 
>e  usually 
•utrageous 
large  sum 
ne,  and  at 
views  of 

given  to 
and  see- 

nada,  he 

J  that  if 

side,  no 


per  hour     Hf.  <,l,™,i.i  I      ""^<^  »  «»  charge  more  than  IM.50 

Tot  to  LoM^uXtrZTj'"'''''^'' '"''''  ""  ""  "«  ■«^--. 
he  endeavor,  to  doL  rfu^W  'n  ".r"?'""''''  '«'■'» '<«^^  <« 
'"•n-    A„ygenHemZ'„^l!l    ^,"      'f  "''^''toge  1«  taken  of 

the  above  advi"c.X?;JS'  ""„"'"  ""^'"^^y  "^"^  ""^  '»"»« 
avisHt«NtZl"ui'       ''°™'"''''°'^™'''''™  '•««°"  to  regret 

IN    WINTER, 

two,,ieture«^„tt'ri'  „„ll  '"""'''  ""''  ^""^■■'  f"  these 

In  ^"r>«^<>r^:^l::^::^^Zl'  """"'*^'  ""*■ 

the  water    which  in  ,,  ^"'¥*'^^^'\"^>' ^^  "^e  deep  green  color  of 

lint  then  th    g    1"    "' .Z^'' J,  "'"T"  '","  """"'^  ^^"o- 
trees  are  all  tovere  1  with  "     f  '""y  ""'ke^  up  for  the  loss.    The 

un,ler  their  load,  oft,    »    '  "'"'«"'  '*""""«  ^^  '"-^'king 

white  as  marhinid'a^TdLffinr"?;  ""'%""':  '""''""  ^  '" - 
the  narrow  part  of  the  »i„        f  ?,      ?;       ""  ''"''«^'  *">''*  «"» 

formed  at  eari:[:^u/r;.:,rj^rVd''r,"°""'^r'^ 

hanging  from  the  Innks  n^,  r    m        ,  '  "^  '^'"^e  icicles 

...Hko  it'a  unic'  e  pSt:  wtfn  ,T  '  °'  "'"•  """'  ''•>""""«  to 
i'8"ally  is  daring  o,  r  mTi  «,  i  ,■■;  """"^'^  '"  *'  «'•'"»'.  •""'  " 
wortl,avi»t  ovenTf  o,e  h?i7^  '""/''""'''■^  ""»"■  "  )«  well 
-  Niagara  h  JZ!  iThaX^rSt  ^.  S  J^Z  ™" 

both  as  to  faithful  ^.^,^>^ ^^^ ^^ZTZTi^'"''- 
exactness.   "'-''^"''•"^'*- '"  ""''l''.  ■»  reproduced  with  a  wonderful 

IN   SUMMER. 

thfs::;!;!';:^;'rr  :sr  r "  «■« "-"-  - "-  of 
v™nda,,,fr„n..a[fsia„ri.;::e:t:;T;;-c::'s^^ 

07  ' 


and  also  those  views  to  be  had  on  the  way  to  the  Burning  Springs 
are  unsurpassed  at  Niagara.  ' 

During  the  Summer  season,  there  is  plenty  of  amusement  to  be 
found  by  those  who  wish  to  spend  a  few  weeks  here.  The 
fishing  in  the  Iliver,  some  two  or  three  miles  above  the  Falls,  is 
most  excellent.  Black  bass,  muscalonge,  pickerel  and  perch 
abound,  the  bass  fishing  being  especially  good.  Boats  and 
tackle  can  always  be  obtained,  also  the  services  of  a  competent 
boatman,  one  who  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  current  of 
the  river  and  the  best  fishing  grounds.  At  the  proper  season  of 
theyear,ontheRiver,andinthefiurrounding  country,  there  can 
always  be  found  enough  good  sport  to  satisfy  those  fond  of  hunting 
In  fact,  Niagara  is  in  the  center  of  a  territory  where  wood-cock,  all 
sorts  of  snipe  and  duck  abound. 


/ 


\ 


6« 


Si)ringB, 

mt  to  be 
re.  The 
Falls,  is 
i  perch 
ats  and 
tnpetent 
rrent  of 
pason  of 
ere  can 
hunting 
cock,  all 


/ 


INDEX. 


PAOE. 

Descriptive, 3 

The  Name  Niagara 6 

HiHtorical, 5 

Geological, g 

First  Visited  by  White  Men, 11 

The  Niagara  River, 13 

Niagara  Falls, 17 

Village  of  Niagara  Falls, 19 

Points  of  Interest  at  Niagara  Falls 26 


Goat  Island 25 

Prospect  Park, 42 

New  Suspension  Bridge, 40 

Table  Rock, 49 

Burning  Spring, 60 


Whirlpool,  Canada, 51 

Whirlpool,  Rapids  Park, 51 

Railroad  Suspension  Bridge, 62 

Whirlpool  Rapids, 53 

Whirlpool, 56 


Ou*side  Points  of  Interest, 58 


AHEKICAN  BIDE. 


Buffalo, 68 

Black  Rock, 58 

Grand  Island, 58 

Tonawanda, 58 

La  Salle, 68 

Burnt  Ship  Bay, 59 


Schlosser, 59 

Old  Chimney, 59 

Devil's  Hole, 60 

Indian  Reservation, 61 

Lewiston 61 

Fort  Niagara, 61 


\ 


CANADIAN  BIDE. 


Fort  Erie, 62 

Niivy  Island, 62 

Chippewa, 62 

Lundy's  Lane, 62 

Drummondville, 62 


Queenstown  Heights 62 

Brock's  Monument, 62 

Niagara  Village, 62 

Fort  George, 62 

Welland  Canal, 65 


Addenda, 66 

Suggestions  to  Visitors, 66 

Memoi-anda, , 70 

Map  of  Niagara  Falls, 7.3 


« 


t 


||iH»in.^MW. 


■i^Si^ 


r 


"Gazette"    Printing   House, 
NiAQARA  FALLS,  N.  Y. 


